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THE DISCOVERY AND 

COLONIZATION OF 

NORTH AMERICA 



BY 

JOHN FISKE 



With Illustrations 
and Maps 



BOSTON, U.S.A. 

GIXN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 

C()e atbenarttm \)xt&6 

1905 






LIBRARY of INGRESS 

SfcP 18 W05 

"*auyrwsu entry 

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OOPY g. 

fe. •,- lw - -,-- 



COPYRIGHT, 1887, 1905 
By <4 INN & COMPANY 

ALL EIGHTS RESERVED 

55.8 



GINN & COMPANY • PRO- 
PRIETORS • BOSTON ■ U.S.A. 



CONTENTS 



PAGE 

The Discovery 5 

The Northmen. Columbus. Cabot and Vespucci. 
Magellan. 



French Pioneers 37 

Cartier and Ribault. Champlain. The North Ameri- . 
can Indians. 



The English in Virginia 

Sir Walter Raleigh. London and Plymouth com- 
panies. John Smith. Lord Delaware. Sir Thomas 
Dale. Tobacco and slavery. The government. Fall 
of the London Company. Virginia under Charles I. 
The Palatinate of Maryland. Virginia and Maryland. 
Virginia under Charles II. Bacon's Rebellion. 



The Dutch in New Netherland 103 

Founding of New Netherland. Its overthrow, 
vii 



viii Contents 






PAGE 


The Beginnings of New England . . 


... 117 



Earliest ventures. The Puritans. The Pilgrim 
Fathers. Company of Massachusetts Bay. Settle- 
ment of Massachusetts. Threatened dangers. Rhode 
Island. Connecticut. The Pequot War. Colony of 
New Haven. End of the exodus to New England. 
The New England Confederacy. Quakers in Boston. 
Coining money. The Connecticut charter. Visit of 
the royal commissioners. King Philip's War. The 
Massachusetts charter annulled. Tyranny of Sir 
Edmund Andros. Fall of the Stuart dynasty. Mas- 
sachusetts becomes a royal province. 

The Later Colonies 189 

The Carolinas. Pennsylvania. 

The Struggle between England and France . 201 

Discovery of the Great West. Border wars. Set- 
tlement of Georgia. Completion of the contact be- 
tween New France and the English colonies. 

Index 219 



ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

Christopher Columbus Frontispiece iv 

Photogravure after the engraved portrait in Aliprando 
Capriolo's "Ritratti de di Cento Capitani Illustri, 
1596" 

Map. The Atlantic of the Ancients 4 

Viking Ship recently discovered 6 

Viking Ship restored 7 

Ruined Church of the Northmen in Greenland .... 9 
Caravel of Fifteenth Century 10 

After a cut in a book published in I486 
Vasco da Gama 11 

After an engraving 
Sarcophagus of Ferdinand and Isabella at Granada . . 14 

After a photograph 

Map of the First Voyage of Columbus 15 

Queen Isabella 16 

After the portrait in the Royal Palace at Madrid 
Christopher Columbus 17 

After the portrait in the "Voyages" of De Bry, with 
signature 
Sebastian Cabot 20 

After the portrait attributed to Holbein 
Amerigo Vespucci 23 

After the portrait attributed to Bronzino, with sig- 
nature 

ix 



x Illustrations 

PAGE 

Map of the Division of the World made in 1494 ... 25 
Vasco Nunez de Balboa 27 

After an engraving published in 1728 
Ferdinand Magellan 31 

After an engraving published about 1837 
Jacques Cartier 39 

After the portrait at St. Malo, France, with signature 
Samuel de Champlain 43 

After the Moncornet portrait, with signature 
Defeat of the Iroquois by Champlain 45 

After the engraving in Champlain's " Voyages," 1613 

Long House of the Iroquois 47 

Totem of the Five Nations 48 

From La Houtan 
Totem of the Hurons 49 

From La Houtan 
Totem of the Illinois 50 

From La Houtan 
Queen Elizabeth 57 

After the Ermine portrait, Hatfield House, with sig- 
nature 
Sir Walter Raleigh 60 

After the portrait in Prince's " Worthies of Devon," 
with signature 
Ruins of Jamestown 61 

After a drawing 
John Smith 63 

From a map in Smith's "Generall Historie of Vir- 
ginia," 1616, with signature 
Lord Delaware 67 

After the portrait at Bourne, Cambridgeshire, Eng- 
land 



Illustrations xi 

PAGE 

Pocahontas : 71 

After the portrait at Boston Hall, Norfolk, England 
A Typical Tobacco Field 73 

From a photograph 
A London Tobacco Shop 75 

From an old print 

Seal of Virginia 78 

Charles I 80 

After a portrait by Van Dyck, with signature 
George Calvert 83 

After the portrait by Mytens at Glastonbury, Eng- 
land, with signature 

Henrietta Maria 85 

After the portrait by Van Dyck at Warwick Castle 

Cecilius Calvert 89 

After the engraving by Blotling, 1657 
Proprietary Coins 91 

From photographs of the originals 
Oliver Cromwell 93 

After the portrait by Sir Peter Lely, with signature 
Tobacco Hogshead Ready for Rolling 95 

From a model in the National Museum at Wash- 
ington 
Hudson Coat of Arms 104 

From the Lenox Collection, New York City 
Dutch Manor House 106 

After a drawing 
Earliest Known Plan of New Amsterdam, about 1640 . 107 

After an original manuscript plan made for the Dutch 
West India Company 
Map of the City of New Amsterdam (New York) in 1660 109 

From a redrawing of an old map 



xii Illustrations 

PAGE 

Peter Stuyvesant Ill 

After the portrait by Van Dyck, with signature 

John Smith's Map of New England 119 

From Smith's u Generall Historie of Virginia," 1616 

Henry VIII 120 

After the portrait by Holbein, with signature 

John Calvin 121 

After the portrait attributed to Holbein 

Scrooby 12:} 

After a modern engraving 

Canopy over Plymouth Rock 127 

After a photograph 
Charles I 129 

After a portrait by Van Dyck 

John Endicott 131 

After the portrait in the possession of the Endicott 
family of Danvers, Massachusetts, with signature 

The Seal of Plymouth Colony 134 

William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury 135 

After the portrait by Van Dyck 

John Winthrop 139 

After the portrait by Van Dyck, with signature 

The Church in which Roger Williams preached in Salem 142 
After a photograph 

Roger Williams 143 

From the portrait in Sparks' •• Biographies," with 
signature 

Sir Henry Vane 145 

After the portrait by Sir Peter Lely, with signature 

Underbill's Diagram of the Pequot Fight 149 

From " Newes from New England" 



Illustrations xiii 

PAGE 

John Davenport 152 

After the portrait in Alumni Hall, Yale University, 
with signature 

Seal of the United Colonies of New England 156 

Pine-Tree Shilling of Massachusetts 161 

John Winthrop 163 

After the portrait in the possession of the Massachu- 
setts Historical Society, with signature 
Title-Page of Eliot's Translation of the Bible .... 167 
John Eliot 169 

After the supposed portrait in the Museum of Fine 
Arts, Boston, Massachusetts 
Josiah Winslow 173 

After the portrait in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth 
The Belt which King Philip wore for a Crown . . . . 176 
Sir Edmund Andros 170 

From the portrait in the Andros Tracts, with signature 
William of Orange 183 

After the portrait by Sir Godfrey Kneller, with sig- 
nature 
Charles II 190 

After the miniature portrait by Cooper, with signature 
Charleston in 1742 103 

After an old engraving 
William Penn 104 

After the portrait in the possession of the Historical 
Society of Pennsylvania, with signature 

Seal of Pennsylvania 197 

Autograph of Joliet 202 

Robert de La Salle 203 

After an engraved portrait said to be preserved in the 
Bibliotheque de Rouen, with signature 



xiv Illustrations 

PAGE 

Louis XIV 204 

After the portrait by Philippe de Champagne, with 
signature 
William Pepperell 207 

After the portrait in the possession of his descendants, 
with signature 
James Oglethorpe 211 

After the portrait by Ravenet, with signature 
Le Moyne D'Iberville 213 

From the portrait in Windsor's "America," with 
signature 
New Orleans in 1719 214 

After an old print 
George Washington 215 

After the portrait by Stewart, with signature 



THE DISCOVERY 




The Atlantic of the Ancients 



THE DISCOVERY 

The Northmen. Columbus. Cabot and Vespucci. Magellan 

The time when people from the civilized 
countries of the Old World first visited the 
shores of America is not positively known. 
Vague stories have been current of voyages 
to America made long ago by Phoenicians, by 
Irishmen, by Welshmen ; some persons have 
thought that our western coast was visited 
by Chinese junks a thousand years before 
Columbus. It may perhaps have been so, 
but the evidence is very slender, and the 
stories have but little value. The case is 
quite different, however, when we come to 
the stories about the Northmen. 

The Northmen were people in whom Ameri- 
cans have much reason for feeling interested. 
They were one of the finest and strongest 
races of men ever known in the world, and 
they were the ancestors of most of us. They 



6 



Discovery and Colonization 



lived in the countries now known as Nor- 
way, Sweden, and Denmark, and the adja- 
cent regions of northern Germany, and have 
been called by various names. Under the 
name of Angles, or English, they conquered 
and settled Britain in the fifth century ; under 
the name of Danes they partly conquered it 




Viking Ship recently discovered 

again in the ninth. At the same time they 
conquered the northern part of Gaul, where 
they were known as Normans ; and under 
this name they again invaded England in 
the eleventh century, formed an aristoc- 
racy there, and placed their great leader, 
William the Conqueror, upon the throne, 
which his descendant occupies to-day. They 
were skillful and daring: sailors. From the 



The Discovery 7 

innumerable bays and fiords which indent 
the Scandinavian coasts their bold sea rovers, 
known as Vikings, or " men of the bay," 
sailed forth in their little ships, not much 
larger than modern yachts, but strongly and 
neatly built, and urged along partly by oars 






s*& 




Viking Ship restored 

and partly by sails ; and in such little craft 
they visited all the coasts of Europe, disputed 
with the Saracens the supremacy of the Medi- 
terranean, and even ventured far out into 
the trackless ocean without compass or aught 
save the stars for guides. Thus they settled 
in the Orkney and Shetland islands, and 
thence, about the year 874, they made their 



8 Discovery and Colonization 

way to Iceland, where they founded a thriv- 
ing state. In 981 they discovered Greenland 
and planted a colony there, which lasted about 
five hundred years, when it was swept away 
by the Black Death. 

In the year 1000 Leif Ericson sailed south- 
westerly from Greenland and landed in a pleas- 
ant and well-wooded country, which he called 
Vinland because of its abundance of grapes. 
Other explorers followed him, of whom the 
most famous was Thorfmn Karlsefni. They 
had fights with the savage natives of Vinland, 
who, from the descriptions, are supposed to 
have been Eskimos. Trees are scarce in 
Greenland and Iceland, and voyages for tim- 
ber seem to have been made from time to 
time to Vinland as late as the fourteenth 
century. But the Northmen had no idea that 
they had found a new world; they thought 
Greenland and Vinland were appendages of 
Europe. They had reached these places with- 
out crossing a wide ocean, and their voyages 
along these remote coasts attracted no serious 
attention in Europe, though the pope duly 



The Discovery 




Ruined Church of the Northmen in Greenland 

appointed a missionary bishop for Vinland. 
There are many reasons for supposing that 
Vinland may have been some part of the 
coast of New England, perhaps the region 
about Narragansett and Buzzard's bays; but 
it is possible that it may have lain as far 
north as Nova Scotia. It is not likely that 
the Northmen made any settlements in Yin- 
land. Where they did settle, as in Greenland, 
they have left abundant remains of ruined 
houses and churches. No such vestiges have 
been found on the coasts of Nova Scotia 
or New England. The stone building at 
Newport, which has made so much talk, is 



10 



Discover ij and Colonization 



undoubtedly a windmill built on the estate of 
Benedict Arnold, governor of Rhode Island, 
after the pattern of one with which he had 
been familiar near his old home in England. 
The inscription on Dighton Rock is apparently 

an Indian inscription 



©ceanica 




similar to those found 
in New Mexico and 
elsewhere. There is 
no evidence of the 
visits of the North- 
men to America 
except their own 
Icelandic records; 
and the truth of these 
£ there is no good 
reason for doubting. 
It was a long time 
after the year 1000 before the people of Europe 
turned their attention to distant maritime 
enterprises. By and by the East India trade 
became a source of wealth to many Euro- 
pean cities, especially to such as Genoa, Pisa, 
and Venice, which kept great fleets upon the 



Caravel of Fifteenth Century 




Vasco da Gama 



11 



The Discovery 13 

Mediterranean. The Italian cities produced a 
set of able navigators, who were also men of 
learning and high scientific attainments, and 
their services were often put at the disposal 
of any government which would furnish them 
with the means of carrying out their bold enter- 
prises. Spain and Portugal were very desir- 
ous of finding a passage by sea all the way to 
India, so that they might rival the commerce 
of the Italian cities. Portugal took the lead 
in this work during the fifteenth century. 
Portuguese captains kept venturing farther 
and farther down the west coast of Africa 
until at last, in 1497, Vasco da Gama rounded 
the Cape of Good Hope and crossed the Indian 
Ocean to Hindustan. But several years be- 
fore this it had occurred to Columbus that, 
since the earth is round like a ball, the 
easiest way to get to India would be to strike 
out boldly to the west and sail straight across 
the Atlantic Ocean. Learned men had long 
known that the earth is round, but people 
generally did not believe it, and it had not 
occurred to anybody that such a voyage would 



14 Discovery and Colonization 



Sarcophagus of Ferdinand and Isabella 

be practicable. People were afraid of going 
too far out into the ocean. A ship which dis- 
appears in the offing seems to be going down- 
hill ; and many people thought that if they 
were to get too far downhill they could not 
get back. Other notions as absurd as this 
were entertained, which made people dread 
the " Sea of Darkness," as the Atlantic was 
often called. Accordingly Columbus found 
it hard to get support for his scheme. At 
length, in 1492, Queen Isabella of Spain fitted 
out an expedition for him, consisting of three 
little vessels, only one of which had a deck. 



The Discovery 



15 



Early in October of that year, after a ten 
weeks' voyage, he discovered the islands of 
San Salvador and Haiti and returned to 
Spain to tell of his success. 




Map of the First Voyage op Columbus 

About fifteen years before this Columbus 
seems to haA r e visited Iceland, and some have 
supposed that he then heard about the voy- 
ages of the Northmen, and was thus led to 
his belief that land would be found by sailing 



16 



Discovery and Colonization 




Queen Isabella 

west. He may have thus heard about Vin- 
land and may have regarded the tale as con- 
firming his theory. That theory, however, 
was based upon his belief in the rotundity of 
the earth. The best proof that he was not 
seriously influenced by the Norse voyages, 
even if he had heard of them, is the fact that 
he never used them as an argument. In per- 
suading people to furnish money for his enter- 
prise, it has been well said that an ounce of 




Christopher Columbus and 
his Signature 



YXpcntJKf.f 



17 



The Discovery 19 

Vinland would have been worth a pound of 
talk about the shape of the earth. 

Columbus made three other voyages, in the 
course of which he discovered other islands, 
and in 1498 sailed along the northern coast 
of South America. He supposed these lands 
to be a part of Asia and called their swarthy 
inhabitants Indians, a name which will alwavs 
cling to them, though really they are no more 
Indians than we are Chinese. Columbus made 
a mistake in calculating the circumference of 
the earth and got it only about half as great 
as it really is, thus leaving out the Pacific 
Ocean and the width of the American conti- 
nent. According to this calculation, when he 
had crossed the Atlantic he seemed to have 
sailed just far enough to reach Asia. He died 
in 1506, without even suspecting that he had 
discovered a new world. 

The example of Columbus was soon followed 
by other skillful and learned navigators. John 
Cabot and his son Sebastian were Venetians 
in the employ of Henry VII, king of England. 
In 1497 they sailed due west from England to 



20 



Discovery and Colonization 




Sebastian Cabot 



Newfoundland and Labrador, and were thus 
the discoverers of the North American con- 
tinent. Next year the father died, and Sebas- 
tian made another voyage, in which he 
followed the American coast as far south as 
Florida. 

Amerigo Vespucci was a Florentine in the 
service of Spain. It is not quite certain 



The Discovery 21 

whether he made his first voyage to America 
in 1497 or in 1499. It is certain that in the 
latter year he discovered Brazil and followed 
the coast down to within about a hundred miles 
of the Strait of Magellan. People would natu- 
rally have supposed this coast to be that of 
the great Asiatic peninsula which has been 
known since ancient times as Farther India. 
But Vespucci's voyage showed that this was 
a very different-looking coast, and that it 
extended much farther to the south. It was 
accordingly supposed that this must be the 
coast of the new Asiatic peninsula to the east- 
ward of Farther India. In a map made in 
those days Asia is depicted with four great 
peninsulas jutting southward, — first Arabia, 
then Hindustan, then Farther India, then 
America. It was natural that Vespucci's 
name should be given to that part of the world 
which he really did discover ; and it was not 
strange that this name, first applied to the 
southern part of the New World, which for a 
long time was better known than the northern, 
should by and by come to be applied to the 



22 Discovery and Colonization 

whole. Some people have talked and written 
very foolishly about the brave and high-minded 
Vespucci, as if he had laid claim to honor not 
justly due him; as if it were through some 
fraud of his that the New World came to 
be called America instead of Columbia. But 
Vespucci was in nowise responsible for this, 
and it would not have occurred to any one at 
that time to name any country after Colum- 
bus, because he was not supposed to have dis- 
covered a new country, but only a new way 
of getting to an old one. But if the great 
Genoese sailor has not had full justice done 
him on the map, he will forever rank as the 
most illustrious explorer of all time. His 
voyage in 1492 was a scientific triumph of 
the first order; and in view of its historic 
consequences it must be called the most im- 
portant event since the birth of Christ. 

The work of discovering the New World 
was not yet completed. The first success of 
Columbus made Portugal very jealous of Spain. 
The two kingdoms were ready to quarrel over 
their anticipated good fortune, each wishing 




Amerigo Vespucci and his Signature 
23 



The Discover ij 



25 



to get the whole. The affair was referred to 
Pope Alexander VI, who drew an imaginary 
line through the Atlantic Ocean from north 
to south, three hundred and seventy leagues 
west of the Azores, and decreed that all 
heathen lands which should he discovered 
west of this line should 
belong to Spain, and all 
east of it to Portugal. 
The coast of Brazil 
happens to come east 
of this line, and thus 
fell to Portugal, w T hile 
all the rest of America 
fell to Spain. Portu- 
guese ships, after once 
crossing the Indian Ocean, kept sailing far- 
ther to the east and into the Pacific, until 
it began to become clear that the coast dis- 
covered by Vespucci was not the coast of an 
Asiatic peninsula, but that there was water 
to the west of it; how much water nobody 
knew or dreamed. In 1513 Vasco Nunez de 
Balboa first saw the Pacific Ocean from the 




Map of the Division of 
the World made in 1494 



26 Discovery and Colonization 

top of a lofty hill in the Isthmus of Darien. 
He naturally called it the South Sea, and it 
was known by that name for a very long time. 
There now came upon the scene the heroic 
man who finished what Columbus had begun, 
and showed that America was really a new 
world. This was Ferdinand Magellan, a native 
of Portugal, but engaged in the service of 
Spain. In dividing things between these two 
kingdoms the pope had not said anything 
about the opposite side of the globe. Magel- 
lan had heard of the Molucca Islands which 
might be reached by sailing eastward. He 
was authorized to reach them by sailing west- 
ward, and thus secure them for Spain. This 
gave him a chance to settle forever the ques- 
tion of the earth's rotundity. As long as 
America was supposed to be Asia, Columbus 
was thought to have settled it. But now it 
began to look as if America had nothing to 
do with Asia, and there was thus fresh room 
for doubt, which could only be finally cleared 
away by circumnavigating the globe. On this 
tremendous expedition Magellan started in 




Vasco Nunez de Balboa 



•J 7 



The Discover u 29 

1519 with five small vessels. Crossing the 
Atlantic, he sailed down the coast of South 
America searching for a westerly passage, un- 
til he found the strait which bears his name. 
Passing through this, he came out upon the 
ocean whose waves seemed to him so smooth 
and pleasant that he named it Pacific. Now 
his trials began. As they sailed month after 
month alone on this wide waste of waters, 
without seeing trace of land or sail, the cour- 
age of many gave out. Every day, they 
thought, showed more clearly that the earth 
was not round after all, but that their cap- 
tain was taking them out over an endless flat 
space, away from the world entirely. Their 
food gave out and their sufferings were dread- 
ful, but they had come so far that it was hope- 
less to turn back, and so, in spite of starvation 
and mutiny, Magellan kept on, and after such 
a record of endurance as the world has never 
seen surpassed, he reached the Lad rone Islands 
and met with traders who had come there by 
sailing eastward from Sumatra. Then Magel- 
lan knew that he had proved the earth to be 



30 Discover u and Colonization 

round. He was soon after slain in a skirmish 
with some savages, but Elcano, his lieutenant, 
took possession of the Moluccas and kept on 
across the Indian Ocean and around the Cape 
of Good Hope, reaching Spain in the autumn 
of 1522 with only one of his five ships afloat. 
This wonderful voyage showed the true posi- 
tion of America with reference to the rest of 
the world. But it was a long time before 
much was known about North America ex- 
cept a few points on the Atlantic coast. It is 
barely a hundred years since our Pacific coast 
was first carefully explored by the famous Cap- 
tain Cook. It is less than a century and a 
half since the northwestern corner of our con- 
tinent was discovered and taken possession of 
by the navigator Behring, who was in the 
service of Russia. In the sixteenth century 
the attention of the Spaniards was confined 
to conquering the Indian kingdoms in Mexico 
and Peru, to colonizing various parts of South 
America and the West Indies, and to mining 
for precious metals, using the Indians as slaves 
and treating them with diabolical cruelty. 



iHfiiinnntiiinrnirinnnnnniinnniJ!- Im ! .':.=.i:..;:-;::;:::-, ■i:.-i:.:iiii;;iT7nTTT 




Ferdinand Magellan 



31 



The Discovery 33 

Spain was then the strongest nation in the 
world, but France and England were her 
eager rivals, and neither paid any heed to 
the papal decree which assigned to her the 
dominion over North America. 



FRENCH PIONEERS 



S3 



FRENCH PIONEERS 

Cartier and Ribault. Champlain. The North American Indians 

France was first in the field. King Francis I 
sent word to the Emperor Charles V " that 
since he and the king of Portugal had divided 
the earth between themselves, without giving 
him a share of it, he should like them to show 
him our father Adam's will, in order to know 
if he had made them his sole heirs." Mean- 
while he should feel at perfect liberty to seize 
upon all he could get. The French had already 
begun to share with the English in the fisheries 
which were begun upon the banks of New- 
foundland immediately after Cabot's voyage 
and have been kept up ever since. As early 
as 1506 fishermen from Brittany discovered 
and named the island of Cape Breton and be- 
gan making rude charts of the Gulf of St. 
Lawrence. For a century the Newfoundland 
fisheries were almost the only link between 

37 



38 Discovery and Colonization 

the North American coast and Europe. In 
1524 Francis I sent the Florentine navigator 
Verrazzano on a voyage of discovery. Ver- 
razzano entered New York harbor and Nar- 
ragansett Bay, and sailed northward along 
the coast as far as the fiftieth parallel. Ten 
years later came Jacques Cartier, who explored 
and named the great river St. Lawrence and 
the site of Montreal. In 1540-1543 an unsuc- 
cessful attempt was made by the Sieur de 
Roberval, aided by Cartier, to establish a 
French colony in Canada. Then the French 
became so much occupied with their wars of 
religion that they gave little thought to 
America for the next half century. During 
this period, however, there was one attempt 
at colonization which grew directly out of the 
wars of religion. The illustrious Protestant 
leader Coligny conceived the plan of founding 
a Huguenot state in America, and in 1562- 
1564 such a settlement was begun in Florida, 
at Fort Caroline on the St. Johns River, under 
the lead of Jean Ribault and Rene de Laudon- 
niere ; but in the autumn of the latter year it 




Jacques Cartier 



Jac&r&tr* 



39 



French Pioneers 41 

was wiped out in blood by the ferocious Pedro 
Menendez. That Spanish captain landed in 
Florida and laid the foundations of St. Augus- 
tine, the oldest town in the United States. 
He then attacked the French colony, took it 
by surprise, and butchered everybody, men, 
women, and children, some seven hundred in 
all ; a very few escaped to the woods, and after 
various adventures made their way back to 
France. The government of Charles IX was 
so subservient to Spain that it did not resent 
this atrocious act, although it was perpetrated 
in time of peace. But a private gentleman, 
named Dominique de Gourgues, who does not 
seem to have been a Huguenot, took it upon 
himself to avenge his slaughtered countrymen. 
Having fitted out a secret expedition at his 
own expense and with the aid of a few friends, 
he sailed for Florida, surprised the Spaniards 
at Fort Caroline, slew them every one, and 
returned to France. 

It was not until the religious wars had been 
brought to an end by Henry IV that the 
French succeeded in planting a colony in 



42 Discovery and Colonization 

America. They now began to be interested 
in the northwestern fur trade as well as in 
the Newfoundland fisheries; and in 1603 the 
Sieur de Monts obtained permission to colo- 
nize a vast tract of land extending from New 
York harbor to Cape Breton, and known 
as Acadie, a name which gradually became 
restricted to the northeastern part of this 
region. A monopoly of the fur trade within 
these limits was granted by the king to a 
company of which de Monts was the head. 
The enterprise, so far as de Monts was con- 
cerned, was a failure ; but one of his com- 
panions, Poutrincourt, succeeded in 1607 in 
establishing the first permanent French settle- 
ment in America at Port Royal in Nova Scotia. 
Another of the party, Samuel de Champlain, 
made a settlement at Quebec in the following 
year, and became the founder of Canada. 
Champlain was one of the most remarkable 
Frenchmen of his day, — a beautiful character, 
devout and high-minded, brave and tender. 
Like Columbus and Magellan, like Baker and 
Livingstone in our own time, he had the 



French Pioneers 



43 




Samuel de C 



HAMPLAIN 



scientific temperament. He was an excellent 
naturalist, and he lias left the best descriptions 
we have of the Indians as they appeared before 
they had been affected by contact with white 
men. Cbamplain explored our northeast coast 
very minutely, and gave to many places the 
names by which they are still known ; as, for 
example, Mount Desert, which has kept its 
traditional French pronunciation, with the 



44 Discovery and Colonization 

accent on the final syllable. He was the first 
white man to sail on the beautiful lake which 
now bears his name, and he pushed his explo- 
rations so far into the interior as to discover 
lakes Ontario and Huron. He was made the 
first viceroy of Canada and held that position 
until his death in 1635, by which time the 
new colony had come to be large and flourish- 
ing. In 1611 Jesuit missionaries came over 
to convert the Indians and labored to that 
end with wonderful zeal and success. Missions 
were established as far inland as the Huron 
country, and the good priests often distin- 
guished themselves as brave and intelligent 
explorers. The fur trade began to assume 
large dimensions and French rovers formed 
alliances with the Indian tribes in the neigh- 
borhood of the Great Lakes. The French 
usually got on well with the Indians; they 
knew how to treat them so as to secure their 
friendship; they intermarried with them and 
adopted many of their ways. 

Nevertheless in one quarter the French 
offended the Indians and raised up for them- 



French Pioneers 



45 




Defeat of the Iroquois by Champlain 



A facsimile of an engraving published in 1613 



selves a powerful enemy who had much to 
do with their failure to secure a permanent 
foothold in America. In the sixteenth century 
the territory bounded by the Rocky Moun- 
tains, the Great Lakes, the Atlantic Ocean, 
and the Gulf of Mexico seems to have been 
occupied by five varieties or races of Indians. 
These were : (1) in the northwest, beyond the 
Mississippi River, the Dakotas; (2) in the 
southwest, the Natchez; (3) in the south, 
the Mobilians, comprising the Choctaws, Cher- 
okees, Creeks, Seminoles, etc. ; (4) in the 



40 Discovery and Colonization 

north, from the Mississippi to the Atlantic 
coast, the Algonqnins; (5) in the center of 
the Atlantic region, the Iroquois. Of these 
the Algonqnins and Iroquois played by far the 
most important part in the development of 
American history. The Algonquins comprised 
such tribes as the Pequots, Mohicans, Narra- 
gansetts, and Wampanoags in New England; 
the Delawares, to the south of the Susque- 
hanna ; the Sha wnees of the Ohio, the Miamis, 
Pottawatomies, Ojibways, and Ottawas. Of 
the Iroquois the most famous tribes were 
the so-called Five Nations dwelling in central 
New York ; to the south of them were the 
Susquehannocks ; the Eries lived on the 
southern shore of the lake which bears their 
name, and the northern shore was occupied 
by a tribe known as the Neutral Nation. To 
the north of these came the Hurons. One 
Iroquois tribe — the Tuscaroras — lay quite 
apart from the rest, in North Carolina; but 
in 1715 this tribe migrated to New York and 
joined the famous Iroquois league, which was 
henceforth known as the Six Nations. 



French Pioneer 



47 



Between the Algonquins and the Iroquois 
were many important differences. They dif- 
fered in their speech, in their modes of 
building their wigwams and fortifying their 
villages, and in their knowledge of agriculture. 
The Iroquois were superior to the Algonquins 




Long House of the Iuo^rois 

and looked down upon them with immeasur- 
able contempt. Of all the Iroquois the bravest 
in war and most formidable in numbers were 
the Five Nations, — the Mohawks, Oneidas, 
Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. For fero- 
cious cruelty they have scarcely been equaled 
by any other race of men known to history. 
Their confederated strength made them more 
than a match for all their rivals, and during 
the seventeenth century they became the 



48 



Discovery and Colonization 



terror of the whole country from the Atlantic 
to the Mississippi and from Canada to North 
Carolina. In 1649 they overwhelmed and 
nearly destroyed their kindred the Hurons, 
putting the Jesuit missionaries to death with 





/~t 








Totem of the Five Nations 



frightful tortures ; then they exterminated the 
Neutral Nation. In 1655 they massacred 
most of the Eries and incorporated the rest 
among their own numbers ; and in 1672, after 
a terrible war of twenty years, they effected 
the ruin of the Susquehannocks. While they 
were doing these things they were also carry- 
ing the firebrand and tomahawk among the 



French Pioneers 49 

Algonquins in every direction. They drove 
the Ottawas westward into Michigan, laid 
waste the country of the Illinois, and reduced 
the Shawnees and Delawares to the condition 
of vassals. There is no telling how far they 




Totem of the Hurons 

might have carried this career of conquest if 
the white man had not appeared upon the 
scene. 

It was these formidable Iroquois whom the 
French at the very outset made their enemies. 
It was natural that Champlain should court 
the friendship of the Algonquin tribes on the 
St. Lawrence. He undertook to defend them 



50 



Discovery* and Colonization 



against their hereditary foes, and accordingly 
in 1609 he attacked the Mohawks near Ticon- 
deroga and Avon an easy victory over savages 
who had never before seen a white man or 




Totem of the Illinois 

heard the report of a musket. But the vic- 
tory was a fatal one for the French. From 
that time forth the Iroquois hated them with 
implacable hatred, and when the English 
came these powerful savages entered into 
alliance with them. Even alone the Iroquois 
were capable of doing enormous damage to 
the Canadian settlements. In 1689 they even 



French Pioneers 51 

attacked Montreal and roasted and devoured 
their prisoners in full sight of the terror- 
stricken town. This hostility of the Iroquois 
kept the French away from the Hudson River 
until it was too late for them to contend 
successfully for the mastery of New York. 
But for this circumstance the French might 
have succeeded in possessing New York and 
thus separating the New England colonies 
from those in the south. 



THE ENGLISH IN VIRGINIA 



53 



THE ENGLISH IN VIRGINIA 

Sir Walter Raleigh. London and Plymouth companies. John 
Smith. Lord Delaware. Sir Thomas Dale. Tobacco and 
slavery. The government. Fall of the London Com- 
pany. Virginia under Charles I. The Palatinate of Mary- 
land. Virginia and Maryland. Virginia under Charles II. 
Bacon's Rebellion 

As John Cabot had discovered the North 
American continent for the English, they 
claimed it as their property ; but many years 
elapsed before they came to take possession. 
From the reign of Henry VII to that of 
Elizabeth their attention was absorbed by 
affairs at home. During Elizabeth's reign the 
great struggle between Catholic and Protestant 
assumed the form of an international contest 
in which the gigantic power of Spain was 
pitted against England and the Netherlands, 
while France was divided within itself. In 
1588 the defeat of the Invincible Armada 
marked the overthrow of Spanish supremacy 
and the triumph of Protestantism. England 

55 



56 Discovery and Colonization 

had prepared the way for this glorious victory 
by training up such a set of naval captains as 
has never been surpassed in any age or country. 
The most famous of these were Sir Francis 
Drake, Sir Martin Frobisher, Sir John Haw- 
kins, Sir Thomas Cavendish, Sir Humphrey 
Gilbert, Lord Howard of Effingham, and Sir 
Walter Raleigh. They began as buccaneers 
and raiders upon the Spanish possessions in 
all parts of the globe ; they ended as colo- 
nizers ; while from first to last they were 
explorers. Drake and Cavendish carried the 
British flag into the Pacific, visited the coast 
of California, and circumnavigated the earth. 
Frobisher, in quest of a northwestern passage 
to India, entered the Arctic Ocean and ex- 
plored a part of it. Hawkins — to our shame 
and sorrow in later days — began the practice 
of kidnapping negroes on the Guinea coast 
and selling them as slaves. At length Gil- 
bert and his half-brother Raleigh attempted 
to found colonies in America. Gilbert was 
wrecked and perished in the sea. Raleigh 
obtained from the queen a grant of the vast 





fetf*} 




Queen Elizabeth 



57 



The English in Virginia 59 

region included between the thirty-fourth and 
forty-fifth parallels of latitude, which the 
maiden queen called, in honor of herself, Vir- 
ginia. For several years Raleigh worked 
earnestly to establish a colony somewhere in 
this region, sending out a number of expedi- 
tions under skillful captains, though arduous 
duties at home prevented his going in person. 
At one moment, in 1585-1587, he seemed on 
the point of succeeding with a settlement which 
had been begun on Roanoke Island ; but the 
Invincible Armada absorbed too much atten- 
tion. The colony was inadequately supported 
and perished miserably. Nevertheless the 
work which Raleigh did was so important 
in directing the energies of the English toward 
colonizing North America that he must be 
ranked first in the long series of great men 
who have founded the United States. 

After having lost £40,000 in these attempts, 
and finding the task too great for his unaided 
energies, Raleigh assigned all his interests in 
Virginia to a joint-stock company of merchants 
and adventurers. For some years nothing 



60 Discovery \and Colonization 




Sir Walter Raleigh 

was accomplished; but at last in 1606 some 
of these same people, interested in Kaleigh's 
schemes, organized two companies for settling 
and trading in America. These were known 
as the London and Plymouth companies. The 
region called Virginia was divided into two 
parts. The London Company was to control 
everything north of Florida as far as the forti- 
eth parallel, while everything between this and 
Canada was to be controlled by the Plymouth 
Company. On New Year's Day, 1607, three 



The English in Virginia 



61 



ships of the London Company sailed from the 
Downs, and on the 26th of April they reached 
Chesapeake Bay. At Jamestown they laid the 










Ruins of Jamestown 



foundations of the first permanent English col- 
ony in America. Besides the crews, which 
numbered thirty-nine, there were one hundred 
and five persons, of whom fifty-two were 



62 Discovery and Colonization 

classed as "gentlemen," the rest as mechanics 
and tradesmen. There seem to have been no 
farmers or persons skilled in agriculture. For 
the first year there were no women. Many of 
them entertained a vague hope of finding gold, 
and few of them had any idea how to go to 
work to found a colony. Their food gave out, 
the savages were unfriendly, and fever attacked 
them. In about four months half their num- 
ber were dead. There can be little doubt that 
the colony would have perished like its prede- 
cessors, had it not been for the energy and 
determination of Captain John Smith. 

This remarkable man was one of the most 
picturesque figures of his time. His adven- 
tures in various parts of the world, as recounted 
by himself, were so extraordinary that he has 
sometimes been accused, and perhaps with jus- 
tice, of stretching the truth. He had a roman- 
tic temperament and was fond of hearing and 
telling wonderful stories; yet, after making 
all allowances, his career was very remark- 
able. He had been captured by Barbary 
pirates, left for dead on a battlefield in 




John Smith 



Xt &rmi§- 



The English in Virginia 65 

Hungary, sold into slavery in Turkey, and made 
his way on foot through the Russian wilder- 
ness. He was full of shifts and expedients, 
and in the early colony at Jamestown was the 
only man capable of taking the lead. He 
sailed up and down the coast, explored the 
great rivers, coaxed or bullied the Indians, 
and got supplies of food from them. A few 
houses were built and a few patches of ground 
were cleared and sowed with corn. But even 
Smith's energy found it hard to keep the 
colony in existence for two years. 

In 1609 Lord Delaware was appointed gov- 
ernor of Virginia, and a new expedition was 
sent out, consisting of nine ships, with five hun- 
dred men under command of two worthy sol- 
diers, Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Somers. 
As they were nearing their destination they 
were " caught in the tail of a hurricane," and 
the good ship Sea Venture, with both the 
commanders on board, was driven far away 
from the rest and cast upon the Bermuda 
Islands. It has been supposed that it was 
this wreck of the Sea Venture which suggested 



66 Discovery and Colonization 

Shakespeare's " Tempest." Deprived of their 
leaders, the colonists reached Jamestown only 
to make confusion more hideous. They were 
a wretched set, for the most part the sweep- 
ings of English jails or ruffians picked up 
about the streets. AYhen things were at their 
worst Smith met with an accident which 
made it necessary for him to return to Eng- 
land, and the Indians laid a plan for exter- 
minating the colony. About this time Gates 
and Somers, having built a boat with their 
own hands and escaped from the Bermudas, 
arrived upon the scene and found the outlook 
so desperate that they decided to abandon the 
enterprise and take all the settlers back to Eng- 
land. Out of nearly five hundred only sixty 
were left alive, and stress of hunger had made 
some of them cannibals. On the 8th of June, 
L610, they had actually embarked for home 
and sailed a little way down the James River, 
when Lord Delaware arrived with three well- 
manned ships and abundant supplies, and fall- 
ing on his knees on the sandy beach thanked 
God for the relief of Virginia. 




Lord Delaware 



67 



The English in Virginia 69 

Lord Delaware was a man of energy. He 
built forts, defeated the Indians, and repressed 
disorders. But his health soon gave out, and 
the following spring he returned to England. 
His successor, Sir Thomas Dale, was a stern 
soldier, who set up gallows, pillory, and whip- 
ping post, and slew or humbled the evil doers 
till peace and decorum reigned throughout the 
little colony. The fortunate accident of a 
marriage between John Rolfe, a leading set- 
tler, and Pocahontas, a favorite daughter of 
the sachem Powhatan, secured for a time the 
friendship of the Indians. This was important, 
but something which Sir Thomas Dale did 
was far more important. Hitherto the sys- 
tem under which the colonists had lived was 
one of communism, — a system under which a 
few noisy simpletons in our time think every 
society ought to live. Land was owned in 
common, and whatever food any one raised, or 
whatever property was got by trading with 
the Indians, was thrown into a common stock, 
to be evenly distributed among the settlers. 
This system put a premium on laziness. The 



70 Discover ij and Colonization 

task of supporting the colony was thrown 
upon a few industrious people, while the rest 
drank rum and made mischief. The sagacious 
Dale changed all this. Henceforth every man 
was to cultivate his own tract of land and 
bring two barrels and a half of corn to the 
public granary for public purposes ; whatever 
he should raise or earn beyond this was to be 
his private property. The effect of this change 
was magical ; even the lazy began to think it 
worth while to work, and crime was repressed 
more effectually than pillory and gallows could 
do it. When Dale returned to England in 
1616 the colony had become fairly established. 
He had done more than any other man to 
found the great state of Virginia. 

For the next three years the colony was 
governed in turn by the humane and upright 
George Yeardley and the shameless buccaneer 
Samuel Argall. In 1619 Yeardley again be- 
came governor, and that year was marked by 
two very notable events, — the introduction of 
negro slavery and the beginnings of a free 
popular government. 




Pocahontas 



71 



The English in Virginia 



73 




A Typical Tobacco Field 



For the production of tobacco the soil of 
Virginia is unsurpassed in the world. In 
1612 its systematic cultivation was begun by 
John Rolfe, and the demand from Europe 
made this employment so profitable that by 
16 1G the settlers had begun to give almost 
exclusive attention to it. As soon as the wise 
measures of Dale had made Virginia a place 
where respectable people could live, thrifty 
planters began to come over by hundreds to 
raise tobacco and make their fortunes. In 
1619 more than 40,000 pounds were shipped 
to England; by 1640 the average yearly export 
had reached 1,500,000 pounds ; and by 1670 it 



74 Discover y and Colonization 

had readied 12,000,000 pounds. The rapid 
growth of this industry created a greater 
demand for labor than could possibly be sup- 
plied by free immigration; and hence it led 
to the introduction of slave labor. In August, 
1619, there came in, says Rolfe, "a Dutch 
man of war that sold us twenty negars." In 
those clays people had no more scruples of 
conscience in buying and selling black men 
than they had in buying and selling horses or 
cows ; and the African slave trade thus begun 
was carried on for nearly two hundred years. 
At first, however, it did not go on so briskly 
as afterwards because a certain form of white 
slavery was still in vogue. When the prisons 
in England were cumbered with criminals, a 
clearance was sometimes effected by sending 
shiploads of them to Virginia to be sold into 
slavery for a term of years. Gypsies, vaga- 
bonds, and orphan children were kidnapped 
and disposed of in the same way. Such 
people were known as " indentured servants," 
because the terms and conditions of their 
servitude were prescribed by indentures, as in 




Ki cotLame 







A London Tobacco Shop 

From an old print 



75 



The English in Virginia 77 

the case of apprentices in England. When 
after a while they got their freedom, those 
who were capable and enterprising sometimes 
acquired plantations and became respectable 
members of society; but the greater part 
either recruited the ranks of the criminal 
classes or went out to the frontier and led 
half-savage lives there. After the end of the 
seventeenth century there was but little more 
of this buying and selling of wretched white 
men. Work on the plantations was done 
entirely by negroes, and their numbers went 
on increasing until they became a source of 
anxiety to their masters, as is shown by many 
cruel laws in the statute book. 

By July, 1619, there were four thousand 
white inhabitants in Virginia, distributed 
among eleven boroughs. The charter of the 
London Company was amended so as to limit 
the authority of the governor by a council and 
an assembly. The assembly was to consist 
of two burgesses or representatives from each 
borough, to be freely elected by the inhab- 
itants. It soon came to be known as the 



78 



Discovery and Colonization 







Seal of Virgin^ 



House of Burgesses, and was in fact a mini- 
ature House of Commons for the colony of 
Virginia. It could pass any laws for the gov- 
ernment of the colony, provided they should 
not conflict with the laws of England, — a 
somewhat vague provision which, while it 
retained a veto power in the hands of the 
British government, at the same time allowed 
great freedom of legislation to the colonists. 
Thus Virginia, within a dozen years from the 
first settlement of Jamestown, became, to all 
intents and purposes, a self-governing commu- 
nity. In accordance with Yeardley's instruc- 
tions, the first representative assembly ever 



The English in Virginia 79 

held in America met in the chancel of the 
little church at Jamestown on Friday, July 
30, 1619. 

Free government was a strange thing to 
obtain from such an obstinate and tyrannical 
sovereign as James I. The new charter, in- 
deed, had been wrung from the king wholly 
against his will. The London Company had 
become a powerful corporation with more 
than one thousand stockholders, including fifty 
noblemen and some of the wealthiest merchants 
in the kingdom. Under its liberal leaders, Sir 
Edwin Sandys and Shakespeare's friend, the 
Earl of Southampton, it was beginning to 
be a most formidable ix>wer in politics. Its 
meetings, as the Spanish ambassador truly 
told James, were % * the seminary to a sedi- 
tious parliament"; but James needed no such 
warning. He made up his mind that the 
London Company must fall, and accordingly 
he accused it of mismanagement and brought 
suit against it in the courts. The judges were 
timid and time serving, as was often the case 
in those days, and the case was decided in 



80 



Disco venj'and Colon iza tion 




King Charles I 

After the painting by Van Dyck 

favor of the king. In the summer of 1024 
the charter of the company was annulled, 
and James set to work with his own pen to 
write out a code of laws for Virginia. But 
while he was about it he died, in March, 
1625, and his son Charles succeeded to the 
throne. 

The legal basis on which the free gov- 
ernment of Virginia had rested was now 



The Englisli in Virginia 81 

destroyed, and the new king, Charles I, was 
just as unscrupulous and tyrannical as his 
father. But the death of James happened 
opportunely for the Virginians. Wishing to 
govern without parliaments, Charles naturally 
was at his wits' end to devise ways of getting 
money without summoning a parliament to 
grant funds for the expenses of government. 
Among other things he wished to get a mo- 
nopoly of the tobacco trade, and this desire led 
him to deal courteously with the Virginians 
and to recognize their miniature parliament. 
In 1628 he directed the governor of Virginia 
to convene the House of Burgesses for the pur- 
pose of granting him such a monopoly ; but 
the assembly vindicated its independence by 
higgling about the i^rice, and the monopoly 
was not granted. After this the king found 
so much to occupy him at home in his chronic 
quarrel with the people that he was unable to 
interfere — with fatal effect in Virginia. In 1629 
he sent over a wretched governor, Sir John 
Harvey, who not only put on airs and insulted 
the people but also stole the public money and 



82 ' Discover}] and Colonization 

even went so far as to sell lands which were 
the private property of individual planters. 
This was more than human nature could bear, 
and in 1635 the Virginians deposed Sir John 
Harvey and appointed a provisional governor 
in his stead. This bold act enraged the king. 
He called it rebellion, refused to hear a word 
against the unjust ruler, and reinstated him 
in office ; but after a short time things had 
come to such a pass with Charles that he 
deemed it prudent not to make too many 
enemies, and Harvey was recalled to England. 
In 1642, just as the thunderclouds of civil war 
were breaking over the mother country, Sir 
William Berkeley came over as governor, and 
was the most conspicuous figure in the history 
of Virginia for the next five-and-thirty years. 
In 1630 an unwelcome visitor came to Vir- 
ginia. This was the excellent George Calvert, 
a Yorkshire gentleman whom James I had 
raised to the peerage as Lord Baltimore. The 
fact that he was a Roman Catholic did not 
prevent his standing high in the good graces 
of the Stuart kings. He had been a member 




George Calvert 

83 



Tlie English in Virginia 



85 



of the London Company, and after its dissolu- 
tion Charles I had desired him to remain as 
one of a provisional council for the govern- 
ment of Virginia. Bnt he had a different 




Henrietta Maria 



aim in view. Catholics were made uncom- 
fortable in England, and Lord Baltimore 
wished to found a colony in America where 
they might live unmolested. He had tried to 
settle such a colony in Newfoundland, but the 
enterprise failed. On his visit to Virginia in 
1630 he was rndely treated as a Catholic and 



86 Discovery and Colonization 

as an interloper. He sailed up Chesapeake 
Bay, explored part of the country north of 
the Potomac, and returning to England, ob- 
tained a grant of it from Charles I. In com- 
pliment to the queen Henrietta Maria, the 
country was called Maryland. The privileges 
granted to Lord Baltimore were the most 
extensive ever conferred upon a British sub- 
ject, and amounted almost to making him an 
independent sovereign. Maryland was made 
a palatinate, or independent principality, only 
the feudal supremacy of the crown remaining. 
With this sole reservation, the lord propri- 
etary had all the rights of a sovereign, and 
his powers and dignities were hereditary in 
his family. Parliament could not tax the 
Maryland colonists or legislate for them; 
they were also allowed to trade freely with 
all foreign ports. 

Lord Baltimore died before he had founded 
a colony under this remarkable charter; but 
in 1634 the work was begun under his son 
and successor, Cecilius Calvert. The leaders of 
the emigration were mostly Roman Catholics, 






The English in Virginia 87 

but a majority of the settlers were Prot- 
estants and this made a policy of general 
toleration necessary. In view of the almost 
regal powers wielded by the lord proprietary, 
it was not easy for the Protestant settlers 
to oppress the Catholics; while, on the other 
hand, if the Catholic settlers had been allowed 
to annoy the Protestants, it would forthwith 
have raised such a storm in England as would 
have overwhelmed the lord proprietary and 
blasted his enterprise. The policy of toleration, 
which circumstances thus forced upon both 
ruler and people, soon began to draw men of 
all creeds to Maryland, and the colony grew 
rapidly in population and wealth. In particu- 
lar, a great number of Puritans came, and pres- 
ently, encouraged by the growing strength of 
their party in England, they began to show 
themselves intolerant of the Catholics and took 
measures to undermine their ascendency in the 
colony. In this they were at first aided, but 
afterwards opposed, by the action of Virginia. 
From the first the Virginians were indig- 
nant at the grant to Lord Baltimore because 



88 Discovery tind Colonization 

it took away from them a territory which they 
regarded as rightfully their own. But in 1634 
they had Sir John Harvey on their hands and 
were in no condition to pick too many quarrels 
with the king's government. There was one 
Virginia gentleman, however, who had a claim 
which he was in no wise disposed to yield. 
This was William Clayborne, who had settled 
at Kent Island in the Chesapeake and had re- 
sisted the Maryland settlers with armed force. 
In 1634 he was defeated in a little naval fight 
on the Potomac River and driven from Kent 
Island. But he nursed his wrath, and in 1645, 
while the great rebellion was at its height in 
England, he invaded Maryland and succeeded 
for a moment in overturning the proprietary 
government. His success was due to his 
having made himself a leader of the Puritan 
party ; but this turned against him the Vir- 
ginians and their Cavalier governor, Sir 
William Berkeley. From the beginning the 
religion of Virginia had been that of the 
established church, and although many Puri- 
tans had settled in that colony since 1619, 




gC& ;* :> BALTEAJORIl' 







Cecilius Calvert 



89 



The English in Virginia 91 





Proprietary Coins 

From photographs of the originals in the library of the Maryland Historical Society 

they were never welcome there. Berkeley now 
took sides against Clayborne and the govern- 
ment of the Calverts was reestablished in Mary- 
land. But the contest was not yet ended. 

In January, 1649, King Charles was be- 
headed. It was now the Puritans who were 
uppermost in England, while it was the king's 
friends who were seeking to better their for- 
tunes by leaving the country. Many of these 
Cavaliers came to Virginia, and while they 
were coming the Puritans in that colony were 
leaving it and flocking into Maryland. Thus, 
as Virginia was given up more and more to 
the Cavaliers, the Puritan party increased in 
Maryland until it made another attempt to 
get control of the government, again under 



92 Discover if and Colonization 

the lead of Clayborne. On the 25th of March, 
1654, a bloody battle was fought near the site 
of Annapolis, and the Puritans were victorious. 
But their triumph was short-lived. In 1658 
the death of Cromwell deprived them of their 
chief support and the government of the 
Calvert family was again restored. 

During the reigns of Charles II and James II 
the career of Maryland was peaceful; but 
on the accession of William and Mary new 
laws enacted by Parliament against Catholics 
annulled the charter of the Calverts and their 
government suddenly fell to the ground. 
From 1692 to 1714 Maryland was ruled by 
governors appointed by the crown. In the 
latter year the fourth Lord Baltimore turned 
Protestant and his proprietary rights were 
revived. Maryland remained a sort of heredi- 
tary monarchy until, in 1776, the rule of the 
sixth Lord Baltimore was terminated by the 
Declaration of Independence. 

In spite of her dislike of Puritans, Virginia 
submitted gracefully to Oliver Cromwell, by 
whom she was allowed to choose her own 



The English in Virginia 93 

governors. In 1652 Sir William Berkeley, 
after ten years in office, was succeeded by a 




Oliver Cromwell 



governor chosen by the House of Burgesses. 
In 1660, when the Stuart dynasty was restored 
to the throne in the person of Charles II, the 



94 Discover;i and Colonization 

Burgesses shrewdly elected Berkeley again 
to be their governor, and the king confirmed 
him. Berkeley was a fine gentleman of the 
old school, an aristocrat every inch of him, a 
man of velvet and gold lace, a gallant soldier, 
an author whose plays were performed on the 
London stage, a devoted husband, a chivalrous 
friend, and withal a bigoted upholder of king- 
ship and a stern and merciless judge. Before 
the end of his rule the little colony of John 
Smith had become a considerable state. In 
1670 the population numbered forty thousand 
souls, and the tobacco crop had become a 
source of great wealth. There were no large 
towns. The planters lived apart on their vast 
estates on the banks of the broad creeks and 
rivers with which the country is intersected. 
For the most part, they had their own wharfs, 
where they dealt directly with European 
traders, shipping their cargoes of tobacco in 
exchange for imported merchandise. Hence 
there were very few manufactures in the 
colony, few merchants, few schools, few roads. 
Each planter on his estate was like a lord 



The English in Virginia ( J5 




Tobacco Hogshead Ready for Rolling 

From a model in the National Museum at Washington 

surrounded by dependents, and the state of 
society was very simple, while at the same time 
there was considerable luxury and elegance. 

During this period a great many gentlemen 
of the Cavalier party came and settled in 
Virginia. Among them were the ancestors of 
the most famous Virginians engaged in the 
American Revolution, such as Washington, 
Jefferson, Patrick Henry, the Randolphs, the 
Lees, Madison, Mason, and Pendleton. From 
1650 to 1670 these men came in such numbers 
as to give a well-defined character to Virginian 
society. 

In spite of this the foolish and wicked 
Charles II treated the Virginians little better 



96 Discovery and Colonization 

than if they had been his enemies. Laws and 
regulations interfering with their trade kept 
them in a chronic state of discontent, till at 
length in 1673 the king capped the climax 
by granting the whole country to two of his 
favorites, Lords Arlington and Culpepper, as 
coolly as if it were all a wilderness without 
any white inhabitants. 

Even with a king to back them, it was not 
easy for two men to take possession of a 
country with forty thousand inhabitants, and 
this wonderful grant came to nothing; but 
it aroused fierce indignation throughout the 
colony. While affairs were in this inflamma- 
ble state the Indians became troublesome. 
In the early days of the colony they had 
threatened its very existence. They had slain 
four hundred people in a fearful massacre in 
1622; and in 1644 they had again taken the 
warpath, but had been completely vanquished 
by Berkeley. Now in 1675 they rose in arms 
again and began burning and laying waste 
the outlying plantations and murdering their 
inhabitants. But Berkeley was now afraid to 



The English in Virginia 97 

call out the military force of the colony, lest 
in the prevailing disaffection it might be turned 
against himself. At length, after nearly four 
hundred scalps had been taken by the savages, 
the people raised a small volunteer force, with- 
out authority from the governor, and put it 
under the leadership of Nathaniel Bacon, a 
young Englishman of good family and liberal 
education, who had lately come to Virginia. 
As Bacon marched against the Indians, Berke- 
ley proclaimed him a rebel and started with a 
small force in pursuit of him. This conduct 
aroused the whole country to rebellion, and 
the governor was obliged not only to retreat 
but to issue writs for a general election and 
to promise a redress of grievances. Bacon 
was elected to the new assembly, and under 
his lead an eloquent memorial was sent to the 
king, recounting the oppressions under which 
his faithful subjects in Virginia had suffered. 
Once more Bacon marched against the savages, 
when in the midst of a brilliant campaign 
he learned that Berkeley had again proclaimed 
him a rebel. Leaving his work on the frontier, 



98 Discover yawl Colonization 

he instantly marched upon Jamestown and 
took possession of the government, while 
Berkeley fled in dismay. A third time, after 
settling affairs at the capital, did Bacon set 
forth to overwhelm the Indians, and no sooner 
had he got out of sight than Berkeley came 
forward and resumed the administration of 
the colony. Again Bacon returned to James- 
town, captured the score of houses of which 
the capital consisted, and burned them to the 
ground, that the town might no longer afford 
a shelter to the tyrant. A few days after- 
wards he was seized with a malarial fever and 
died, and the rebellion forthwith collapsed for 
want of a leader. Twenty-two of his princi- 
pal followers were tried by court martial and 
hanged as soon as sentence was pronounced. 
Charles II deemed it prudent to disavow this 
cruel conduct of Berkeley. The too zealous 
governor was recalled in disgrace; but the Vir- 
ginians gained nothing by the rebellion. Their 
eloquent memorial passed unheeded. From 
Bacon's death to the Declaration of Independ- 
ence was just a hundred years ; and for all 



The English in Virginia 99 

that time the political history of Virginia is 
mainly the story of a protracted brawl between 
the governors appointed by the crown and 
the assemblies chosen by the people. Under 
such influences were the Virginians educated 
for the great part which they were to play 
in the American Revolution. 

L 1 1 



THE DUTCH 
IN NEW NETHERLAND 



101 



THE DUTCH IN NEW NETHERLAND 

Founding of New Netherland. Its overthrow 

The year 1609 is an interesting year to the 
student of American history. The summer 
of 1609 witnessed that fatal victory of Cham- 
plain over the Mohawks which set the stron- 
gest Indian power on the continent in deadly 
hostility to the French. At the same moment 
John Smith, on the upper waters of the Chesa- 
peake, was holding friendly parley with a 
host of the same formidable savages in their 
bark canoes. The first Frenchman ever seen 
by these tawny lords of the New York wilder- 
ness came as an enemy, the first Englishman 
as a friend. It was in 1609 that Spain, after 
a fruitless struggle of more than forty years, 
consented to the independence of the Nether- 
lands, so that the maritime energies of the 
Dutch were set free for the work of coloniza- 
tion in East and West. It was also in 1609 

103 



104 



Discovery and Colonization 



that Spain, by banishing a million of her most 
intelligent and industrious citizens on account 
of their Moorish origin, inflicted upon herself 
such a terrible wound that she was no longer 
able to compete with the other colonizing 
nations of Europe. It was now England, 




Hudson Coat of Arms 

France, and Holland that were foremost in 
the race for colonial empire; and curiously 
enough it was in this same eventful year that 
the Dutch came to North America and inter- 
posed themselves between the French and the 
English in the commanding region ruled by 



Tlie Dutch in New Netherlands 105 

the Iroquois. In the summer of 1609 the 
great English sailor Henry Hudson, then in 
the service of the Dutch East India Company, 
sailed along the American coast in his little 
ship the Half Moon, entered the noble river 
which bears his name, and ascended it as far 
as the head of tide water at the site of Albany. 
He was looking for a northwest passage to 
India ; what he found was the finest com- 
mercial and military situation on the Atlantic 
coast of North America, and the most direct 
avenue to the fur trade of the interior. By 
1611 the Dutch had begun to settle on the 
island of Manhattan, on the southern end of 
which a small town soon grew up, which they 
called New Amsterdam. As their object was 
trade rather than agriculture, their posts were 
soon established along the Hudson River and 
towards the valley of the Mohawk, in the line 
of travel marked out by the traffic in peltries. 
In 1621 the Dutch West India Company was 
established to superintend the colonization of 
New Netherlancl. To encourage the founding 
of permanent estates, it was provided that 



106 Discovery and Colonization 




Ditch Manor House 



any member of the company who should 
bring fifty settlers thither should be entitled 
to an estate with sixteen miles frontage on 
the Hudson River. This allowed room for 
about ten such estates on each bank between 
New Amsterdam and Fort Orange, which stood 
on the site of Albany. The right of holding 
manorial courts and other feudal privileges 
were attached to these grants; and thus was 
created the class of patroons — the Schuylers, 
Van Rensselaers, Courtlandts, and others — 



The Dutch in Neio Netherland 107 




Earliest Known Plan of New Amsterdam, about 1G40 



whose position was very much like that of a 
European nobility, as it was based upon land- 
lord ship and upon the exercise of a local territo- 
rial jurisdiction. The patroons brought many 
colonists with them, they acquired immense 
fortunes by trade, and their descendants have to 
this day continued to form a conspicuous and 
important element in New York society. 

The colony founded by the Dutch in 1614 
remained in their hands for just fifty years, 
at the end of which period the population had 
reached about ei^lit thousand. Of this num- 
ber about fifteen hundred were inhabitants 



108 Discovery and Colonization 

of New Amsterdam, a town which in those 
days was already cosmopolitan. The Dutch 
pursued a policy of toleration, and hence, in 
that cruel age of religious turmoil, they drew 
settlers from almost every country in Europe. 
It is said that in 1640 eighteen different lan- 
guages were spoken on Manhattan Island. 

The Dutch were fortunate enough to win 
the friendship of the powerful Iroquois, but 
with the Algonquins of Connecticut and Long 
Island their relations were far from peace- 
ful. In 1643-1645 there was a terrible war 
with these tribes, which at times seemed to 
threaten even the existence of the Dutch col- 
ony. This war was partly due to the wretched 
misgovernment of the colony. There was no 
self-government here, as in Virginia. The 
settlers could neither make their own laws 
nor assess their own taxes. Ordinarily the 
governor, who was appointed by the West 
India Company, exercised supreme power, 
though occasionally he found it necessary 
to consult with an advisory board of from 
eight to twelve men who were chosen by the 



The Dutch in New Netherhnnl 109 



settlers. The fifth governor, William Kieft 
(1638-1647), was a foolish tyrant who nearly 
ruined the colony. Under his successor, the 
famous Peter Stuyvesant, who also was a 




Map of the City of New Amsterdam 
(New York) in 1(300 

tyrant, but a sensible one, things went on more 
prosperously. During his administration the 
population and wealth of the colony were 
more than doubled. In 1637 a small party 



110 Discovery and Colonization 

of Swedes had taken possession of the mouth 
of the Delaware River and made settlements 
there; in 1655 Stuyvesant overcame and an- 
nexed this little colony. But it was soon the 
turn of the Dutch themselves to be swallowed 
up by a greater power. From its geographical 
relations with the interior the Hudson River 
was the most commanding military position 
in North America, and the English had no 
mind to leave it in the hands of their rivals the 
Dutch. They got possession of New Amster- 
dam by an act of high-handed treachery quite 
characteristic of King Charles II. In the 
summer of 1664, at a time of peace between 
England and Holland, this monarch fitted out 
a secret expedition, under command of Colonel 
Richard Nichols, and sent it over to New 
Amsterdam to demand the surrender of the 
colony. Stuyvesant, taken by surprise, had 
only two hundred and fifty soldiers where- 
with to defend the town against one thousand 
English veterans aided by the ninety guns of 
the fleet. The people, moreover, were weary 
of Stuyvesant's arrogant rule and ready to lend 




Peter Stuyvesant 
111 



The Dutch in Neio Netherland 113 

a willing ear to the offer of English liberties. 
Accordingly, in spite of the governor s rage, 
the town was surrendered. New Netherland 
passed without a blow into the hands of the 
English, and became the proprietary domain 
of the king's brother, the Duke of York. He 
sold the portion between the Hudson and 
Delaware — or, as they were often called, the 
North and South — rivers to Sir George Car- 
teret, who had won distinction as governor of 
the island of Jersey. In honor of Carteret 
this new domain was called New Jersey, while 
the rest of New Netherland was called New 
York, in honor of the duke. The region 
between the Delaware River and Maryland, 
which has since become the state of Dela- 
ware, remained for some time an appendage 
of New York. 



THE BEGINNINGS OF NEW 
ENGLAND 



115 



THE BEGINNINGS OF NEW ENGLAND 

Earliest ventures. The Puritans. The Pilgrim Fathers. Com- 
pany of Massachusetts Bay. Settlement of Massachusetts. 
Threatened dangers. Rhode Island. Connecticut. The 
Pequot War. Colony of New Haven. End of the exodus 
to New England. The New England Confederacy. 
Quakers in Boston. Coining money. The Connecticut 
charter. Visit of the royal commissioners. King Philip's 
War. The Massachusetts charter annulled. Tyranny of 
Sir Edmund Andros. Fall of the Stuart dynasty. Massa- 
chusetts becomes a royal province 

The country now known as New England, 
together with the region west of it and as far 
south as the Delaware River, was for some time 
called a North Virginia." The first attempt 
to found a colony here was made by Barthol- 
omew Gosnold in 1602. He discovered and 
named Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and the 
Elizabeth Islands, and built a house on the 
little islet of Cuttyhunk, but want of provi- 
sions drove him back to England. Further 
unsuccessful attempts were made by Martin 
Pring in 1603, and by George Waymouth in 

117 



118 Discovery and Colonization 

1606. We have already seen how the Lon- 
don and Plymouth companies for the coloni- 
zation of North America were incorporated in 
1606. In the following year — the same which 
saw the building of Jamestown — an expedi- 
tion was made to " North Virginia " under the 
auspices of the Plymouth Company. Sir Ferdi- 
nando Gorges, a gentleman of Somersetshire, 
and Sir John Popbam, chief justice of the 
King's Bench, were the persons chiefly inter- 
ested in this enterprise. The settlers built 
some huts near the mouth of the Kennebec 
River and spent the winter of 1607-1608 there, 
half-frozen and half-starved. The next spring 
they returned and reported that the country 
was too cold to be habitable by Englishmen. 

In the spring of 1614 the famous John 
Smith came over with two ships and explored 
the coast very minutely from the mouth of 
the Penobscot to Cape Cod. He made an 
interesting map of the coast and named the 
country New England, and at his instance the 
kings second son, afterwards Charles I, gave 
names to more than thirty places on the map; 






The Beginnings of New England 119 



^Jo;inBmf?CJh>aJofi Smith <*4cis ti> heart.) 
$trijyftkyJbmc,a> mak£ra(?i Steele out^wearc. 

Chat/u thu art Vfrttut, SouthlGmptontg. ■ 



Ite^Tex Charuss 




SmcnflUleiisJcb 

Xrtgt Ctirkt Qii 



John Smith's Map of New England 

of these Cape Ann, Charles River, and Plym- 
outh still remain as originally given. The next 
year Smith started with a second expedition, 
but was defeated and taken prisoner by a 
French squadron. In 1616 Gorges sent out 
a party which stayed all winter by the river 



120 Discovery and Colonization 

Saco. In June, 1620, one of Smith's captains, 
named Dermer, landed at Plymouth and pro- 
nounced it a good place for a settlement, if 
only fifty or more people could be got together 




Henry VIII 

for that purpose. Within five months this 
idea was to be realized in an extraordinary 
and quite unforeseen manner. 

The Protestant Reformation, set on foot in 
England in the reign of Henry VIII, was 
secured in 1588 by the defeat of the great 






The Beginnings of Neio England 121 

Spanish Armada. After this triumph attention 
was soon called to a division which had for 
some time been growing up in the ranks of the 
Protestants. Some of the reformers wished 




John Calvin 

to go to much greater lengths than did those 
who under Edward VI and Elizabeth had estab- 
lished the Church of England. Their extreme 
views were partly an inheritance from the 
Lollards, or disciples of the great reformer 
Wyclif, and partly the result of contact with 
the followers of John Calvin. During the 



122 Discovery and Colonization 

persecution under Mary many Englishmen 
had taken refuge in Switzerland and become 
Calvinists; and on their return they found 
the reforms of Elizabeth not extensive enough 
to suit them. They wished to simplify the 
government of the church and do away with 
many of its forms and ceremonies, so as to 
make it (as one of their opponents angrily 
observed) a "church of the Purity"; and from 
this sneer, it has been supposed, was derived 
the glorious name of Puritan, by which these 
people will always be known. During Eliza- 
beth's reign the Puritans became numerous 
iii all parts of England; but they were espe- 
cially numerous in the eastern counties of 
Lincoln, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex, and in 
the southwestern shires of Somerset, Dorset, 
and Devon, so famous for their share in the 
maritime adventures of that wonderful time. 
These parts of rural England should on one ac- 
count have an especial interest for Americans, 
for among their picturesque villages and smil- 
ing fields once dwelt the forefathers of nearly 
twenty millions of our fellow-countrymen. 




123 



The Beginnings of New England 125 

During the reigns of Elizabeth and James I 
the Puritans generally did not wish to leave 
the Church of England, but hoped to stay in 
it and reform it according to their own notions. 
But as early as 1567 a small number of min- 
isters, despairing of accomplishing what they 
wanted, made up their minds to separate from 
the church and to hold religious services in 
private houses. In 1580 a Norfolk clergy- 
man named Robert Brown went about advo- 
cating this policy of separation, and those 
who adopted it were known as Separatists or 
Brownists. They were accused of sedition 
and persecuted. Many were thrown into jail ; 
some were hanged ; Brown fled to the Neth- 
erlands. The persecution was kept up inter- 
mittently for the next thirty years. 

At Scrooby, a hamlet in Nottinghamshire 
near the edge of Lincoln, there was a congre- 
gation of Separatists who listened to the elo- 
quent preaching of John Robinson. In 1608 
they fled in a body to Holland, where they 
maintained themselves for a while at Leyden. 
But the prospect of losing their English 






126 Discovery and Colonization 

speech and nationality in a foreign land did 
not please them, and after ten years they 
made up their minds to migrate to America. 
They sent agents to England, obtained a grant 
from the London Company, and petitioned 
the king for a charter. James refused them 
a charter, but made no objections to their 
going; and on the 16th of September, 1620, 
the Mayflower set sail from Plymouth, in 
Devonshire, with one hundred and two pas- 
sengers on board. They aimed at the coast of 
New Jersey, but when they sighted land on 
the 19th of November it was the peninsula 
of Cape Cod. After spending some time in 
exploring the coast, they landed at length, on 
the 21st of December, at the spot already 
marked on Smith's map as Plymouth. The 
principal leaders of this migration were 
William Brewster, William Bradford, John 
Carver, and Miles Stand ish. They made a 
treaty with Massasoit, the sachem of the 
Wampanoag Indians, who lived in the neigh- 
borhood, and this treaty was observed for 
fifty-four years. Though relieved of danger 



T7ic Beginnings of New England 127 

from this source, their sufferings were great. 
More than half their number died the first 
year, and after ten years they had increased 
to only three hundred. Their grant from 




Canopy over Plymouth Rock 



the London Company was useless, as their set- 
tlement was beyond its limits; but in 1621 
they got a new grant from the Plymouth 
Company. After 1630 they began to profit 
by the great emigration set on foot by the 
Company of Massachusetts Bay, and their 



1'28 Discovery and Colonization 

numbers increased much more rapidly. In 
1640 the population of the Plymouth colony 
had nearly reached three thousand; in 1670 
it had reached eight thousand, distributed 
among twenty towns. 

In 1627 the project of colonizing New Eng- 
land Avas taken up afresh by a remarkable 
body of men of wealth, culture, and high 
social position, including many leaders of the 
Puritan party, which had now come to be 
very powerful in England. They purchased 
a large tract of land from the Plymouth 
Company and got from Charles I a charter 
incorporating them as the Company of Mas- 
sachusetts Bay. The affairs of this new com- 
pany were to be managed by a governor, 
deputy governor, and eighteen assistants, to be 
elected annually by the members. They could 
make any laws they liked for the settlers, 
provided they did not contravene the laws of 
England. But the place where the company 
was to hold its meetings was not mentioned 
in the charter. Accordingly, in 1629 the com- 
pany decided to take its charter over to New 



The Beginnings of New England 120 



England and found a 
self-governing com- 
munity there. The 
king and his friends 
bore no good will to 
these men, but no 
attempt was made to 
interfere with their 
proceedings. At this 
moment the king was 
not unwilling to have 
a number of leading 
Puritans go away from 
England. In the at- 
tempt to found a col- 
ony they might perish 
as so many had al- 
ready done. Should 
they succeed and be- 
come troublesome, Charles I was not the man 
to let a charter stand in the way of his dealing 
with them as he liked. He never felt bound to 
keep his word about anything, — a trait of char- 
acter which was by and by to cost him his head. 




Charles I 



130 Discovery and Colonization 

The name "Massachusetts" is an Algon- 
quin word meaning Great Hills, and is said 
to have been first applied to the Blue Hills in 
Milton and to the tribe of Indians dwelling 
in that neighborhood. As a territorial desig- 
nation it was first given by the English set- 
tlers to the Massachusetts Fields near the 
mouth of the Neponset River. By 1630 a 
group of settlements had been begun in this 
neighborhood, at Dorchester, Roxbury, Bos- 
ton, Charlestown, and Watertown. John 
Enclicott had come to Salem two years earlier. 
Dming the year 1630 more than a thousand 
persons came over to Massachusetts. John 
Winthrop, a wealthy gentleman from Groton, 
in Suffolk, was the first governor of the com- 
pany ; and Thomas Dudley, a distant relative 
of Queen Elizabeth's favorite, the Earl of 
Leicester, accompanied him as deputy governor. 
At first it was thought that public business 
could be transacted by a primary assembly 
of all the freemen in the colony held four 
times a year; but the number of freemen 
increased so fast that this was very soon 







John Endicott ^r 



131 



The Beginnings of New England 133 

found to be impracticable. Accordingly the 
colonists fell back upon the old English rural 
plan of electing deputies or representatives to 
a general court. For a few years the depu- 
ties sat in the same chamber with the assist- 
ants, but in 1644 they were formed into a 
second chamber with increased powers ; and 
this was the origin of the American system of 
legislation by two houses, a senate and a 
house of representatives. The chamber of 
assistants answered partly to the council and 
partly to the senate of later times. The 
whole plan was a sort of miniature copy of 
the English system, the governor answering 
to the king, the assistants to the upper house 
of Parliament, and the representatives to the 
lower house. 

The Puritans who now came to Massachu- 
setts had not formally separated from the 
Church of England, as the settlers of Plym- 
outh had done, but the separation was soon 
effected. Two clergymen at Salem conse- 
crated each other and drew up a confession 
of faith and a church covenant; and thirty 



134 



Discovert/ and Colonization 



persons joining in this covenant constituted 
the first Congregational church in America. 
A committee of their number then formally 
ordained the two ministers by the laying on 
of hands. These proceedings gave umbrage 




The Seal of Plymouth Colony 



to two of the Salem party, who tried forth- 
with to set up a church in conformity with 
Episcopal models. These two men were imme- 
diately sent back to England, and so the prin- 
ciple was virtually laid down that the Episcopal 
form of worship would not be tolerated in 
the colony. The settlers, who had been so 




William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury 



135 



The Beginnings of New England 137 

grievously annoyed by Episcopacy in Eng- 
land, considered this exclusiveness necessary 
for their self-protection, and in 1631 they 
carried it still farther. They decided that 
" no man shall be admitted to the freedom 
of this body politic but such as are [sic] 
members of some of the churches within the 
limits of the same." If any of the dreaded 
emissaries of Stratford and Laud — the advis- 
ers and abetters of the despotic policy of 
Charles I — were to come to Massachusetts, 
this measure would prevent their voting or 
taking any active part in public affairs. 

By the year 1634 nearly four thousand set- 
tlers had arrived ; about twenty villages had 
been founded ; the building of permanent 
houses, roads, fences, and bridges had begun 
to go on quite briskly ; lumber, furs, and 
salted fish were sent to England in exchange 
for manufactured articles ; several thousand 
goats and cattle grazed in the pastures, and 
swine innumerable rooted in the clearings and 
helped to make ready the land for the plow- 
man. Amid this hurry of pioneer work the 



138 Discovery and Colonization 

interests of education were not forgotten. So 
many of the leaders of the emigration were 
university men, mostly from Cambridge, that 
it was not long before a university began to 
seem indispensable to the colony. A few 
common schools were already in existence 
when in 1636 the General Court appropriated 
£400 towards the establishment of a college 
at Newtown, three miles west of Boston. 
Two years later John Harvard, a young 
clergyman at Charlestown, dying childless, 
bequeathed his books and half his estate to 
the new college, which was forthwith called 
by his name ; while in honor of the mother 
university the name of the town was changed 
to Cambridge. 

This appropriation of public money for a col- 
lege was a wonderful thing in 1636, for in that 
year the infant colony was threatened with for- 
midable perils. The king and his party did 
not like the liberties which the men of Massa- 
chusetts were taking with things ecclesiastical 
and political, and it was resolved to destroy 
their charter. They had bitter enemies, too, 




John Winthrop 



139 



The Beginnings of New England 141 

among the members of the old Plymouth 
Company. An attempt was made to seize 
the Massachusetts charter and to divide the 
territory of the colony among half a dozen 
hostile noblemen. As soon as the men of 
Massachusetts heard of this, they meditated 
armed resistance. They began building forts 
in and about Boston harbor, militia com- 
panies were put in training, and a beacon was 
set up on the highest hill in Boston to give 
the alarm in the event of the approach of an 
enemy. But the danger was postponed by 
events in England. The king issued his 
famous writ of ship money, and Archbishop 
Laud undertook to impose his new liturgy 
upon Scotland. These things soon raised 
such a storm in the old country that Massa- 
chusetts was for a time forgotten and went 
on thriving and managing its own affairs. 

While the colonists were kept in suspense 
by the ill will of the home government, there 
were causes of strife at work at their very 
doors, of which they were fain to rid them- 
selves as soon as possible. Among those who 



142. Discover y and Colonization 

came over in 1631 was a remarkable young 
graduate of Oxford named Roger Williams, 
one of the noblest men of his time. In 1633 
he became pastor of a church in Salem. He 
was an advocate of religious freedom in the 







The Church in which Roger Williams 

PREACHED IN SaLEM 



modern sense, of the entire separation of 
church from state, and of the equal protection 
of all forms of religious faith. At that time 
very few people held such liberal views. The 
Puritans of Massachusetts made no pretense 
to any such liberality. They did not cross 
the ocean in order to found a state in which 



The Beginnings of New England 143 




ftyjA- fylj//'a7nS 

Roger Williams 

every one might believe and behave according 
to his own notions of what was right. They 
came in order to found a state in which 
everything might be cut and dried in accord- 
ance with the notions which they held as a 



144 Discovery and Colonization 

community. If anybody disagreed with them, 
let him imitate their example and go away 
and found a state for himself ; there was room 
enough in the American wilderness. Such 
being their views, it was impossible for the 
strict Puritans to look with approval upon 
Roger Williams. But presently he made him- 
self odious by a political pamphlet in which 
he denied the right of the colonists to the 
lands which they held in New England under 
the king's grant. Such a doctrine at such a 
time was not to be endured, and Williams was 
ordered to return to England. He escaped to 
the woods and passed a winter with the Indians 
about Narragansett Bay, learning their lan- 
guage and acquiring a great personal influence 
over them. In the spring of 1G36 he learned 
that although the Massachusetts people would 
not have him preaching among them, they 
made no objection to his moving off and 
setting up a church and state of his own ; 
and under such circumstances the beginnings 
of the state of Rhode Island were made at 
Providence. 



The Beginnings of New England 145 




In this same eventful year, 1636, a very 
bright and capable lady from Lincolnshire, 
named Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, came to Bos- 
ton and gave lectures there. She entertained 
peculiar views about " justification," and many 
of her hearers forsook the teachings of the 



146 Discovery and Colonization 

regular ministers to follow her. There was 
fierce excitement among the people of the 
little half-built town in the wilderness. Mrs. 
Hutchinson found defenders among people of 
high position, among them the famous Sir 
Henry Vane, who was for that year governor 
of Massachusetts but soon returned to Eng- 
land to become one of the greatest of Protes- 
tant statesmen, and ultimately to die on the 
scaffold. Sir Henry was a friend to freedom of 
speech, but the men of Massachusetts were not 
mistaken in maintaining that Mrs. Hutchinson 
was dangerous to the colony. An Indian war 
was at hand, and so hot had the theological 
quarrel grown that many men were ready to 
refuse to serve in the militia because they enter- 
tained doubts as to the soundness of the chap- 
lain's opinions. Accordingly Mrs. Hutchinson 
was expelled from the colony. Of her friends 
and adherents some, going northward, founded 
the towns of Exeter and Hampton, near Ports- 
mouth and Dover, which had already been 
settled by followers of Sir Ferdinando Gorges. 
In 1641 these four towns were added by 



The Beginnings of New England 147 

their own consent to the domain of Massachu- 
setts, and so the matter stood until 1679, 
when Charles II marked them off as the royal 
province of New Hampshire. 

Mrs. Hutchinson herself, however, with the 
rest of her adherents, bought the island of 
Aquidneck from the Indians, and there, in 
1639, made the beginnings of Newport. Soon 
afterwards Mrs. Hutchinson moved into New 
Netherland, and in 1643 was murdered by 
Indians. One of her descendants was Thomas 
Hutchinson, the famous Tory governor of Mas- 
sachusetts at the time of the Boston Tea Party. 

The colony of Rhode Island, thus founded 
by exiles from Massachusetts, continued to 
practice universal toleration and became a 
refuge for heretical and oppressed people. 
At the same time society was for many years 
extremely turbulent there, and the colony was 
regarded with strong disfavor by its neighbors. 

During the same eventful year, 1636, the 
foundations of Connecticut were laid. A few 
Plymouth men had already established them- 
selves on the site of Hartford, and the younger 



148 Discovery and Colonization 

John Wintbrop had built a fort at Saybrook, 
commanding the mouth of the river. In the 
course of 1635 twenty vessels came from Eng- 
land to Massachusetts, bringing three thou- 
sand colonists. The land near the coast was 
as yet by no means crowded, but there were 
many people who disapproved the course of 
Massachusetts in allowing none but church 
members to vote, and this disapproval would 
seem to have had something to do with the 
migration to the Connecticut valley. The 
towns of Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield 
were founded in 1636, and in the colony which 
thus arose there was no restriction of the 
right of suffrage to church members. 

It was now sixteen years since the landing 
of the Pilgrims, yet none of the little colonies 
had been molested by the Indians. The treaty 
with Massasoit had been strictly maintained 
in the east and had kept things quiet there. 
As settlers now moved westward they encoun- 
tered other Indians. To the west of the 
Wampanoags dwelt the Narragansetts, and 
to the west of these the formidable Pequots, 







149 



The Beginnings of New England LSI 

in what is now the valley of the Thames. 
North of Hie Pequots, in the highlands of 
Worcester County, were the Nipmucks, while 
the Connecticut valley was the home of the 
Mohicans. The Pequots bullied and harassed 
the other tribes and were the (error of the 
New England forests. They soon came into 
collision with the settlers of Connecticut, and 

their chief sachem, Sassacus, tried to per- 
suade all the tribes to unite in a grand cru- 
sade against the English and drive them into 
the ocean. But the Narragansetts and Mohi- 
cans hated the Pequots too bitterly for this, 
and they made alliances with the white men. 
For several months the Pequots prowled 
around the Connecticut settlements, murder- 
ing and kidnapping, until the wrath of the 
jEnglish was kindled and they made ii|> their 
minds to strike a blow that, would he long 
remembered. On a moonlit- night in May, 
1637, Captains Underhill and Mason, with a, 
force of seventy-seven white men and four 
hundred friendly Indians, stormed the princi- 
pal palisaded village of the Pequots, burned it 



152 Discovery and Colonization 




poht <: t >An < 7)a^enf»o H ^ 



John Da yen 

to the ground, and massacred all but five of 
its seven hundred inhabitants. The miserable 
remnant of the Pequot tribe was soon wiped 
out of existence, and there was peace in the 
land for forty years. 

About a month after this terrible ven- 
geance a company of wealthy London mer- 
chants arrived in Boston. Their minister, 



The Beginnings of New England 153 

John Davenport, had drawn npon himself the 
especial enmity of Archbishop Laud. It was 
their desire to put into practice a Puritan ideal 
of society even stricter than that of Massachu- 
setts, and after a year they sailed up Long 
Island Sound and settled New Haven, and 
presently Milford and Guilford. These towns 
united to form a commonwealth which was 
for some time distinct from Connecticut. In 
the colony of New Haven none but church 
members were allowed to vote, and in many 
respects it was the most puritanical of the 
New England colonies. It is said that in 
New Haven were enacted the famous " Blue 
Laws," forbidding people to kiss their chil- 
dren on Sunday, or to make mince pies, or 
to play on any musical instrument except a 
drum, trumpet, or jew's-harp. People speaking 
carelessly are wont to allude to these wonderful 
edicts as the " Blue Laws of Connecticut." But 
in truth there never were any "Blue Laws" at 
all. The story was invented in 1781 by Dr. 
Peters, a Tory refugee in London, in order to 
cast ridicule upon the Puritans of New England. 



154 Discovery and Colonization 

Ever since the year 1629, when the Com- 
pany of Massachusetts Bay was chartered, 
King Charles I had contrived by hook or by 
crook to get along without calling a parlia- 
ment. In doing so he had imposed illegal 
taxes upon the English people and interfered 
with their freedom in various ways, and more 
especially with their freedom of worship, until 
their patience was worn out; and at length, 
in 1640, when the king, for want of money, 
was obliged to summon a parliament, the day 
of reckoning began. Before granting money 
it was the custom of parliaments to demand 
a redress of grievances, and this parliament 
found so much of that sort of work to do that 
it came to be known as the Long Parliament. 
It conducted a great war, beheaded the king, 
and saw the government of Cromwell rise and 
fall before it finally ended its existence in 
1660, after the strangest career that a legisla- 
tive body has ever had since history began. 

The meeting of the Long Parliament marked 
the end of the Puritan exodus to New Eng- 
land. The Puritans had now so much work 






The Beginnings of New England 155 

to do in the mother country that their annual 
migrations across the Atlantic abruptly ceased. 
More than twenty thousand had come to New 
England between 1630 and 1640, and as many 
as five thousand children born in the new coun- 
try were growing to maturity. During the 
next hundred years probably more people 
went back to England than came thence to 
the New England colonies. For more than 
a century the Puritan states in America pur- 
sued their career in remarkable seclusion from 
other communities, and developed a supple and 
sturdy type of character, which has already 
proved to be of great value to the world. It 
was not until after the Revolutionary War 
that these people began anew to take up their 
westward march into the state of New York 
and beyond, until now, after another century, 
we see some of their descendants dwelling in 
a Portland and a Salem on the Pacific coast. 
With a view to more efficient self-defense 
against the Indians, the French of Canada, 
and the Dutch, a confederation of New Eng- 
land colonies was formed at Boston in 1643. 



156 Discovery and Colonization 




Seal of the United Colonies of New England 

Massachusetts, Plymouth, New Haven, and 
Connecticut formed themselves into a league 
under the style of "The United Colonies of 
New England." The Rhode Island planta- 
tions were not admitted to the league because 
of their disorderly condition and the prejudice 
against them on the part of the other colo- 
nies. The administration of the league was 
put into the hands of eight federal com- 
missioners, two from each colony, and this 
board had entire control over all dealings 
with the Indians or with foreign powers. It 



The Beginnings of New England 157 

was to hold its meetings once a year, or 
oftener should occasion require it. This con- 
federate government did not work so well as 
it might have done, because Massachusetts, 
being stronger than the other three colonies 
together, was sometimes inclined to domineer. 
But it did excellent service for forty years, 
and the details of its political history are 
extremely interesting. 

This federation of the four colonies was an 
act of sovereignty performed without consult- 
ing the home government, and it was regarded 
with jealousy in England. But Charles I 
had too much on his hands to interfere with 
these bold Puritans, and their friend Crom- 
well was not disposed to molest them. So 
the confederacy flourished in peace till after 
Charles II had returned from his wanderings 
and taken his seat upon the throne which he 
was to disgrace. There were plenty of mal- 
contents in England who had been sent back 
there because the Puritans of the New World 
did not like their society. Such persons 
poured their grievances into the royal ear. 



158 Discovery and Colonization 

They said that the people of New England 
were all rebels at heart ; and if it was meant 
by this that they were bent upon having their 
own way without regard to the wishes of the 
home government, there was a great deal of 
truth in it. Men who had crossed the ocean 
and encountered the hardships of the wilder- 
ness in order to secure the priceless treasure 
of self-government were likely to insist upon 
keeping what they had won at such great cost. 
The Puritans, however, were very far from 
being always in the right. We have seen 
that they were by no means tolerant of those 
who disagreed with them in opinion. For a 
while they got along by banishing such peo- 
ple or sending them back to England ; but at 
length their exclusive scheme of government 
was put to the test by a set of people as 
resolute as themselves, who persisted in com- 
ing among them and would not go away 
when they were bidden. These resolute peo- 
ple were the Quakers, — one of the noblest of 
Christian sects, but in their origin, like other 
sects, the object of much contumely. They 



The Beginnings of New England 159 

believed in private inspiration, and the Puri- 
tans were very much afraid of such a doctrine 
because they thought it must lead to looseness 
of living. The Quakers came over from Eng- 
land not so much to escape persecution as to 
preach then doctrines. Accordingly they were 
not satisfied with staying in Rhode Island, 
where they were tolerated, but insisted on 
coming into Massachusetts. Those who came 
were banished under penalty of death; but 
they returned, and at length four were hanged 
on a gallows erected on Boston Common. 
This was the most disgraceful thing that ever 
happened in New England. The tragedy 
ended in 1661 with the victory of the Quak- 
ers, when one of their number, the brave 
Wenlock Christison, came into court and 
threatened the judges. "I am come here to 
warn you," said he, "that ye shed no more 
innocent blood." He was arrested and con- 
demned to death ; but the people were now 
shocked at the severity of the magistrates, 
and the sentence was not executed. The per- 
secution of Quakers, however, continued for a 



160 Discovery and Colonization 

while in a milder form, and thirty or more 
were imprisoned or whipped. 

It was the policy of Charles II to be toler- 
ant towards Quakers. Catholics and Quakers 
were the two kinds of Christians whom all 
other sects agreed in considering as outside 
the pale of toleration. Charles was secretly 
a Catholic and wished to advance Catholic 
interests in England, and he could do this 
only by pursuing a general policy of which 
Quakers as well as Catholics got the benefit. 
In 1661 he issued an order in council forbid- 
ding the General Court of Massachusetts to 
inflict bodily punishment upon Quakers and 
directing it to send them to England for trial. 
Now to send people to England for trial was 
a humiliation to which Massachusetts would 
never submit, and she now not merely disre- 
garded the king's message but even defied it 
by enacting new laws against the Quakers. 

The enemies of the New England people, 
while dilating upon this rebellious disposition 
of Massachusetts, could also remind the king 
that for several years that colony had been 



The Beginnings of New England 161 




Pine-Tree Shilling of Massachusetts 

coining and circulating shillings and six- 
pences with the name " Massachusetts " and 
a tree on one side, and the name u New 
England " and the date on the other. There 
was no recognition of England in this coinage, 
which was begun in 1652 and kept up for 
more than thirty years. Such pieces of money 
used to be called "pine-tree shillings"; but, 
so far as looks go, the tree might have been 
anything, and an adroit friend of New Eng- 
land once assured the king that it was meant 
for the royal oak in which his majesty hid 
himself after the battle of Worcester! 

Against the colony of New Haven the king 
bore a special grudge. Two of the regicide 
judges who had sat in the tribunal which 
condemned his father had found refuge in 



162 Discovery and Colonization 

that colony, and the bold minister Davenport 
had openly aided and comforted them. More- 
over New Haven had delayed more than a year 
in recognizing the restoration of Charles II to 
the throne. So the king was naturally very 
angry with New Haven, when circumstances 
enabled him to punish this disloyal colony, to 
snub Massachusetts, and to deal a blow at the 
confederacy, all at one and the same time. 

Massachusetts and New Haven had agreed 
in allowing only members of the Congrega- 
tional church to vote. The main object of 
this was to keep out Episcopalians, but there 
were many who disapproved of such exclu- 
siveness. Connecticut disapproved of it and 
had some controversy with New Haven 
about the matter. None of the colonies save 
Massachusetts had a charter, and Connecticut 
was very anxious to obtain one. Perhaps 
this may have helped to make her prompt in 
recognizing the king's restoration. In 1661 
the younger Winthrop went over to England 
to apply for a charter for Connecticut. The 
king thought it an excellent idea to weaken 




Jfe€L Wtwrffio^ 



John Winthrop 



163 



The Beginnings of Neio England 165 

Massachusetts by raising up a rival state by 
her side and sowing dissension among them. 
To suppress New Haven and forcibly annex 
her to Connecticut would be just the thing. 
Accordingly a charter of extraordinary liber- 
ality was granted to Connecticut, and she was 
given possession of all the territory of New 
Haven. At the same time, as if further to 
irritate Massachusetts, an equally liberal char- 
ter was granted to Rhode Island. 

It was with great reluctance that the peo- 
ple of New Haven submitted to the enforced 
union with Connecticut. Many of the people, 
indeed, would not submit, but in 1667 migrated 
to New Jersey and laid the foundations of 
Newark. 

The suppression of one of its four members 
was a serious blow to the New England con- 
federacy, but it continued its work with its 
constitution amended so as to make it a 
league of three states instead of four. 

In the summer of 1664 the king sent a couple 
of ships of war to Boston harbor, with four 
hundred troops under the command of Colonel 



166 Discovery and Colonization 

Richard Nichols, who had been appointed 
with three others as royal commissioners to 
look after the affairs of the New World. 
Colonel Nichols took his ships to New Am- 
sterdam and captured that important town. 
After his return the commissioners held meet- 
ings at Boston, and for a time the Massa- 
chusetts charter seemed in danger. But the 
Massachusetts lawyers were shrewd, and 
months were frittered away to no purpose. 
Presently the Dutch made war upon England, 
and the king felt it to be unwise to irritate 
the people of Massachusetts beyond endurance. 
The turbulent state of English politics which 
followed still further absorbed his attention, 
and New England had another respite of 
nearly twenty years. 

In 1660 the sachem Massasoit died and 
was succeeded by his son Wamsutta, whom 
the English called Alexander. After two 
years Wamsutta died and was succeeded by 
his brother Metacom, whom the English called 
Philip. Since the annihilation of the Pequots 
there had been no outbreak of Indian hostilities, 



The Beginnings of New England 167 



although the Narragansetts had been with 
much reason suspected of plotting against the 
white men. As a rule the settlers had treated 



M A Af V S S'E 
o 

WUNNEETUPANATAMWE 

UP-B1BLUM GOD 

NANEESWE 

NUKKONE TESTAMENT 

KAH WONK 

WUSKU TESTAMENT. 



Ne quofllkionjrruk nafbpt Wuttinatuoiob £HRIST 
noh sfooA-ffit 

JOHN ELIOT- 



v(AMBR[DGE- 

Pfinttucoprufhpe Samuel Green kah M«rr.:xiul$ fthrf:- 
16 6 3- 



tmvMmmmmmtmmwmp 



Title-Page of Eliot's Translation of the Bible 



the natives with justice and kindness. The 
learned John Eliot had translated the Bible 
into their language and had converted many 
by his preaching. In 1674 there were four 



168 Discovery and Colonization 

thousand Christian Indians in New England. 
Schools were introduced among them and 
many learned to read and write. The Eng- 
lish as yet showed no disposition to encroach 
upon the Indians, and they scrupulously paid 
for the land which they occupied. 

Nevertheless the Indians dreaded and dis- 
liked this formidable power which had so 
rapidly grown up among them. In the pres- 
ence of the white men they were no longer 
lords of the forest ; they were obliged to 
recognize a master whom they hated and 
would gladly destroy. For a long time the 
terrible destruction of the Pequots held them 
in awe, but that wholesome feeling had begun 
to fade away. The red man had now become 
expert in the use of firearms, and no longer 
seemed so unequal a match for his white 
neighbor. Under these circumstances Philip 
seems to have formed a scheme for uniting 
the native tribes against the English and 
utterly destroying them. It was a scheme 
like that which Sassacus had entertained in 
1036; and long afterwards, in 1763, Pontiac 




John Eliot 



169 



The Beg iniiings of New England 171 

cherished a similar design. For several years 
the magistrates of Plymouth and Massachu- 
setts were made uneasy by rumors of Philip's 
intrigues. At length, in June, 1675, the horri- 
ble work began with an attack upon the town 
of Swansea. Massacres followed at Dartmouth, 
Middleborough, and Taunton. Victims were 
flayed alive or tied to trees and scorched to 
death with firebrands. Driven from his own 
haunts by the colonial troops, Philip fled to 
the Nipinucks, and together they attacked 
Brookfield and came near destroying the vil- 
lage, but after a three days' fight they were 
defeated by troops from Lancaster. Captain 
Lothrop was overwhelmed near Deerfield by 
seven hundred Nipmucks, and of his force of 
ninety picked men only eight escaped the 
tomahawk. The Connecticut valley was rav- 
aged from Northfield down to Springfield. 
In this desperate state of affairs it became 
evident that the Narragansetts also were 
I meditating hostilities. They could muster 
three thousand warriors and were the most 
formidable of the New England tribes since 



172 Discovery and Colonization 

the extermination of the Pequots. The fed- 
eral commissioners made up their minds to 
be beforehand and strike at the principal for- 
tress or stockaded village of the Narragan- 
setts. In December this stronghold was 
attacked by Governor Winslow, of Plymouth, 
with one thousand men. It stood on a rising 
ground in the middle of a great swamp ; it 
was surrounded by rows of palisades, which 
made a wall twelve feet in thickness ; and the 
only approach to its single door was over the 
trunk of a felled tree two feet in diameter 
and slippery with snow and ice. Victory 
under such circumstances was not easy to 
achieve, but the Puritan army did its work 
with a thoroughness that would have won the 
praise of Cromwell. After a desperate strug- 
gle they stormed the village with a loss of 
one fifth of their number. To the Indians no 
quarter was given, and on that day the Nar- 
ragansett tribe was virtually swept from the 
face of the earth. 

Rough as this work was, it was much easier 
to deal with the Indians when crowded behind 




JOSIAH WlNSLOVV 



173 



The Beginnings of New England 175 

palisades than to catch them when scattered 
about in the trackless forest. They were skill- 
ful in eluding pursuit and in dealing their 
blows in unexpected places. The war was 
kept up several months longer by the Nip- 
mucks, until Captain Turner surprised and 
slew the flower of their warriors at the falls 
of the Connecticut which have since borne 
his name. This heavy blow (in May, 1676) 
broke the strength of the savages. In August 
Philip was hunted clown and killed, and his 
severed head was mounted on a pole in the 
town of Plymouth. By this time the Tarra- 
teens in the northeast had caught the war 
fever, and during the next year most of the 
villages between the Piscataqua and the Ken- 
nebec were laid in ashes and their inhabit- 
ants massacred. In April, 1678, after a three 
years' reign of terror, the war came to an 
end. Of ninety towns in Massachusetts and 
Plymouth twelve had been quite destroyed, 
and forty others had been the scene of fire 
and slaughter. More than six hundred white 
men had lost their lives, besides the hundreds 



176 Discovery and Colonization 



mnnmnmismm&mmmmmMmm* 




:GQOa 



■iifiwtrKiriiKiiwffi^S'iiic i irw 



& 



The Belt which Kino Philip wore 
for a Crown 

of women and children butchered in cold 
blood. The war debt of Massachusetts was 
very heavy, and that of Plymouth was reck- 
oned to exceed the total amount of personal 
property in the colony; yet in the course of 
time every farthing of this indebtedness was 
paid. Fearful as was the damage done to the 
settlers, however, it was to the Indians that 
the destruction was fatal and final. Of disturb- 
ances wrought by them in central and south- 
ern New England we hear no more. Their 
power here was annihilated, and henceforth 
their atrocities were wrought chiefly on the 
frontier in concert with the French of 
Canada. 

During this deadly struggle the men of New 
England had sought no help from beyond the 
sea and had got none. So far from helping 



The Beginnings of Neiv England 177 

them, it was just this moment of weakness and 
danger that Charles II chose for wreaking his 
spite upon Massachusetts. Other circumstances 
favored his design. There was a considerable 
party in the colony which was disgusted with 
the illiberal policy which restricted the rights 
of citizenship to members of the Congrega- 
tional church. The leader of this party was 
Joseph Dudley, an able man, son of the Dudley 
who had been lieutenant to Winthrop. Then 
there were in England the inheritors of the 
grudge of Gorges and his friends against the 
colony, and the malcontents who had suffered 
from the stern policy of the Puritans; and all 
these men found a bold and able leader in 
Edward Randolph, who even went so far as 
to propose that the Church of England should 
be established in Massachusetts and that none 
but Episcopal clergymen should be allowed to 
solemnize marriages there. This was like the 
policy which the king was trying to impose 
upon Scotland, and which for the next ten 
years was to fill that noble country with 
slaughter and weeping. 



178 Discovery and Colonization 

It was in 1679, just when all New England 
was groaning under the bereavements and 
burdens entailed by Philip's war, that the 
Stuart government began its final series of 
assaults upon Massachusetts. First the Pis- 
cataqua towns were taken away and made 
into a royal province under the name of New 
Hampshire. There was a difficulty of long 
standing: between Massachusetts and the heirs 
of Gorges about the territory of Maine, which 
had lately been amicably adjusted ; the king 
now annulled the arrangement that had been 
made. He also commanded the government 
of Massachusetts to abolish its peculiar restric- 
tion upon the right of suffrage and to allow 
Episcopal forms of worship. Much wran- 
gling went on for the next five years, and 
at length, on June 21, 1684, the dispute was 
summarily ended by a decree in chancery 
annulling the charter of Massachusetts. 

Now it was on this charter that not only all 
the cherished institutions of the colony but 
even the titles of individuals to their lands 
and homes were supposed to be founded. 




Sir Edmund Andros 



170 



The Beginnings of JSfeiv England 181 

By taking away the charter the king meant 
that the crown resumed all its original claim 
to the land and might grant it over again to 
other people if it felt so inclined. In Feb- 
ruary, 1685, a stroke of apoplexy carried off 
Charles II, and his equally wicked but much 
less able brother, the Duke of York, ascended 
the throne as James II. Sir Edmund Andros, 
a great favorite with the new king, was sent 
over to America to act as viceroy on a grand 
scale. All the New England colonies were 
lumped together with New York and New 
Jersey and put under his rule. In 1687 the 
charters of Connecticut and Rhode Island were 
rescinded, but the decree was never formally 
enrolled. In October of that year Andros went 
to Hartford to seize the charter, but failed to 
find it. According to local tradition it was 
hidden in the hollow trunk of an oak tree. 

Andros was a coarse and unscrupulous man, 
and the two years of his government were the 
most wretched years in the history of New 
England. For the moment it seemed as if an 
end was about to be put to American freedom. 



182 Discovery and Colonization 

The governor imposed arbitrary taxes, seized 
upon private estates, encroached upon com- 
mon lands, and suspended the writ of habeas 
corpus. It was announced that all titles were 
to be ransacked, and that he who wished to 
keep his property must pay a quitrent, which 
under the circumstances amounted to black- 
mail. The Old South meetinghouse was seized 
and used as an Episcopal church. The Gen- 
eral Court was abolished and a censorship of 
the press was set up. Such barefaced tyranny 
was hardly ever seen before or since in any 
community speaking the English language. If 
it had lasted much longer, New England would 
have rebelled and there would have been war. 
But the tyranny of Andros in America was 
but the counterpart of the tyranny which his 
royal master was trying to establish in Eng- 
land. The people rebelled and the tyrant fled 
across the Channel. In April, 1689, it became 
known in Boston that the Prince of Orange had 
landed in England. The signal fire was lighted 
on Beacon Hill, a meeting was held at the town- 
house, drums beat to arms, militia began to pour 





William III 



183 



The Beginnings of New England 185 

in from the country, and Andros, disguised in 
woman's clothes, was arrested as he was trying 
to escape to a ship in the harbor. Five weeks 
afterwards the new sovereigns, William and 
Mary, were proclaimed in Boston, and the 
days of Stuart insolence were at an end. 

From a Dutch Calvinist like William III 
the Puritans had little to fear on the score of 
religion ; yet the king had no great liking for 
such a republican form of government as that 
of the New England colonies. The defiance 
with which Massachusetts had treated the 
Stuarts looked too much like a challenge of 
the royal prerogative in general ; but the 
smaller colonies, having been less annoyed, 
had been less intractable, and now found 
favor with the king. Connecticut and Rhode 
Island were allowed to keep their old charters 
by which they were, to all intents and pur- 
poses, independent republican governments. 
Both states lived under these charters till 
long after the Revolution, — Connecticut until 
1818, Rhode Island until 1843. New Hamp- 
shire was again changed into a royal province. 



186 Discovery and Colonization 

Plymouth was annexed to Massachusetts, and 
so were Maine and Nova Scotia. But along 
with this vast territorial extension there went 
a considerable curtailment of the political 
independence of Massachusetts. By the new 
charter, granted in 1691, the right of the 
people to be governed by a legislature of their 
own choosing was expressly confirmed ; but 
all laws passed by the legislature were to be 
sent to England to receive the royal approval ; 
the governor was henceforth to be appointed 
by the crown ; church membership was not to 
be required of voters; and no worship was to 
be forbidden except the Roman Catholic. 

From the accession of William and Mary 
to the accession of George III the history 
of the internal politics of Massachusetts is, 
for the most part, like the history of Virginia, 
the chronicle of a protracted brawl between 
the governors appointed by the crown and the 
legislatures chosen by the people. Thus these 
two great colonies, unlike each other in so 
many respects, were gradually preparing to 
unite in opposition to the home government. 



THE LATER COLONIES 



187 



THE LATER COLONIES 

The Carolinas. Pennsylvania 

During the seventeenth century the only 
English colonies which figure conspicuously 
in American history are Virginia and Mary- 
land. New York, and the colonies of New 
England. In the latter half of the century 
the foundations of the other English colonies 
were gradually laid. In order to provide for 
some of his loyal friends whose property had 
suffered in the great rebellion, Charles II in 
1663 made a grant of the land between Vir- 
ginia and Florida to a company of eight noble- 
men to hold as absolute proprietors, saving 
only a formal allegiance to the crown. This 
created a proprietary form of government 
somewhat similar to that of Maryland, save 
that, instead of the semiroyal lord proprie- 
tary, an oligarchy of noblemen was to stand at 
the head of the administration. The country 

189 



190 



Discovery and Colonization 



had already been named Carolina a century 
before by the unfortunate Jean Ribault, in 
honor of his king, Charles IX of France -, and 




Charles II 



the name served equally well for a colony 
founded by Charles II of England. An elabo- 
rate aristocratic constitution was drawn up 



The Later Colonies 191 

for the colony by John Locke, the philosopher, 
but it was never put in practice. Immigra- 
tion went on for half a century, and two 
colonies grew up without much regard to the 
concerted scheme. The proprietary govern- 
ment was very unpopular. In 1729 South 
Carolina voluntarily became a royal province, 
and two years later North Carolina followed 
her example. 

The differences between these two colonies 
were important and striking. All the colonies 
we have hitherto considered, except New York, 
were purely English in blood. In the Caro- 
linas there were a great many French Hugue- 
nots, Germans, Swiss, Scotch, and Scotch-Irish ; 
but in North Carolina this non -English ele- 
ment was by no means so great as in South 
Carolina, where it formed more than half the 
white population. The English element in 
North Carolina was at first of a very low 
character, consisting largely of " poor whites " 
and border ruffians escaped or driven from 
Virginia. Tobacco was cultivated in large 
quantities, but oftener on small estates than 



192 Discovery and Colonization 

on vast plantations. Agriculture was ruder 
than in any of the other colonies, and society 
was in a more disorderly condition. Slavery 
existed from the outset, but there were fewer 
slaves than in Virginia and the slavery was 
of a mild type. The white people were gener- 
ally poor and uneducated, and knew compa- 
ratively little of what was going on beyond 
their borders. Yet in spite of these disadvan- 
tages North Carolina improved greatly during 
the eighteenth century, and by the time of 
the Revolution was becoming a comparatively 
thrifty and well-ordered state. 

South Carolina, on the other hand, was a 
comparatively wealthy community. The plan- 
tations were large and the negro population 
greatly outnumbered the whites. The chief 
source of wealth was the cultivation of rice and 
indigo, and in these occupations an able-bodied 
negro could earn so much more in a single 
year than the cost of his purchase that it was 
more profitable to work him to death than to 
take care of him. Accordingly slavery was 
of a far more cruel type than in Virginia 



The Later Colonies 



193 




Charleston in 1742 

After an old engraving 

and North Carolina, and the negro population 
remained more barbarous than in those colo- 
nies. The estates were mostly managed by 
overseers, and the planters usually congre- 
gated in Charleston, where all owned houses. 
Thus Charleston alone among many southern 
towns before the Revolution came to rival 
the chief northern towns in size and in trade. 
It was in 1776 the fifth city in the United 
States, with a population of fifteen thousand. 
The children of the rich planters were edu- 
cated in Europe, and society in Charleston 
was cultivated and brilliant. 

Everywhere except in turbulent Rhode Is- 
land the Quakers met with such an inhospitable 



194 Discovery and Colonization 




William Penn 



reception that, like other sects, they were 
moved to found a colony according to their 
own notions. In 1677 a great number came 
to New Jersey and made settlements in 



The Later Colonies 195 

the western part of the country. Then the 
matter was taken up by a very remarkable 
man, the most celebrated of Quakers, who 
happened to be on terms of peculiar friend- 
ship and intimacy with the royal family. 
William Penn, son of a distinguished admiral, 
had been intrusted by his dying father to the 
especial care of the Duke of York; and here 
the interests of James were such as to keep 
him faithful to his trust. As already observed, 
Catholics and Quakers were the two sects 
which nobody tolerated, and so the Catholic 
Stuarts, in order to protect their own friends, 
were obliged to pursue a course which inciden- 
tally benefited the Quakers. Penn inherited 
the claim to a debt of £16,000 due from the 
crown to his father, and there was no way 
in which such a debt could more easily be 
paid than by a grant of unsettled territory in 
America. Accordingly in 1681 Penn obtained 
a grant of forty thousand square miles of terri- 
tory comprised between the domain of Lord 
Baltimore and that of the Duke of York. 
Penn would have called this princely domain 



196 Discovery and Colonization 

New Wales, but the king insisted upon naming 
it Pennsylvania. Of all the colonies this was 
the only one that had no seacoast, and as 
Penn wanted free access to the ocean he pro- 
ceeded to secure the proprietorship of Dela- 
ware, which for some years had been an 
appendage of New York. Throughout the 
remainder of the colonial period Pennsylvania 
and Delaware continued under the same pro- 
prietary government, though after 1702 they 
were distinct provinces, each with its own legis- 
lature. Penn's charter was drawn up in imi- 
tation of Lord Baltimore's, but differed from 
it in two important points. Laws passed by 
the assembly of Maryland were valid as soon 
as confirmed by Lord Baltimore, and did not 
even need to be seen by the king or his privy 
council ; but the colonial enactments of Penn- 
sylvania were required to be sent to England 
for the royal approval. In the Maryland 
charter the right of the crown to impose taxes 
within the limits of the province was expressly 
denied ; in the Pennsylvania charter it was 
expressly affirmed. 



The Later Colonies 



197 



In shaping, the j)olicy of his new colony 
Penn was allowed the widest latitude, and 
never was a colony founded on more liberal 
principles. Absolute freedom of conscience 
was guaranteed to every one, the laws were 
extremely humane, and land was offered to 




Seal of Pennsylvania 



immigrants on very easy terms. Within three 
years from its foundation Pennsylvania con- 
tained eight thousand inhabitants, and it was 
not long in outgrowing all the other colo- 
nies except Virginia and Massachusetts. Of 
the white population scarcely half were Eng- 
lish ; about one third were Germans and the 
remainder chiefly Irish. In 1776 Philadelphia 



198 Discovery and Colonization 

was the largest city in the United States, with 
a population of thirty thousand, and in liter- 
ary activity and general culture it was second 
only to Boston. 



THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN 
ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



190 



THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN ENGLAND 
AND FRANCE 

Discovery of the Great West. Border wars. Settlement of 
Georgia. Completion of the contact between New France 
and the English colonies 

While the settlement of Pennsylvania was 
filling up the gap between the northern and 
southern English colonies and was thus con- 
solidating the English power upon the Atlantic 
seaboard, a gallant French explorer was add- 
ing vast domains in the interior to the empire 
of Louis XIV. Robert de la Salle was a man 
of iron if ever there was one. He did more 
than any one else to extend the dominion of 
France in the New World. In 1541 Ferdi- 
nand de Soto had discovered the Mississippi 
River in the lower part of its course, but the 
Spaniards had done nothing more in this 
quarter, and De Soto's discovery had lapsed 
nearly or quite into oblivion. In 1639 and 

following years the French began to approach 
201 



202 Discovery and Colonization 

the great river from the north, the Jesuit mis- 
sionaries taking the lead. In 1673 Marquette 
and Joliet reached the Mississippi by way 
of the Wisconsin, and sailed over its waters 
as far clown as the mouth of the Arkansas. 
La Salle had already begun his work in 1669; 
and at length in 1682, after several unsuccess- 
ful attempts, in which he showed such indomi- 
table pluck and perseverance as have never 




Autograph of Joliet 



been surpassed, he explored the great river to 
its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico, took pos- 
session of the country drained by it in the 
name of the king of France, and named it 
after him Louisiana. But before he had been 
able to carry out his design of establishing a 
colony at the mouth of the river, after a long 
series of terrible hardships, he was waylaid in 
the forest and murdered by some mutinous 
wretches of his own party. 



Struggle between England and France 203 





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Robert de la Salle 

At the time of La Salle's death in 1687 
the deadly rivalry between the French and 
the English colonies was already becoming 
pronounced. The northward and westward 
growth of New England and the English 
conquest of New Netherland had brought the 



204 Discovery and Colonization 




Louis XIV 



two great rivals face to face. The savage 
struggle between the French and the Iroquois 
had now been kept up for many years. In 
1689 the Iroquois attacked Montreal, and for 



Struggle between England and France 205 

a moment it seemed as if they might prove 
more than a match for the French and their 
Algonquin allies. But in 1693 and 1696 they 
received a terrible chastisement at the hands 
of Count Frontenac, who was one of the 
ablest of the viceroys sent from France to 
govern Canada. Frontenac marched through 
the Mohawk Valley from Lake Ontario, burn- 
ing towns, laying waste the country, and seiz- 
ing upon the principal war chiefs as hostages. 
Between 1690 and 1697 the Iroquois confed- 
eracy lost more than half its warriors, and 
never recovered from the blow, although it 
still remained a formidable power until after 
the Revolutionary War. 

The great struggle between France and 
England began, both in the Old World and 
in the New, in 1690, on the occasion of the 
accession of Louis XIV s archenemy, William 
of Orange, to the English throne. In 1690 
a party of Frenchmen and Algonquins sur- 
prised the frontier town of Schenectady and 
slaughtered sixty of the inhabitants. During 
the next seven years they perpetrated shocking 



206 Discovery and Colonization 

massacres at Salmon Falls and Durham in 
New Hampshire, at York and Fort Loyal (on 
the site of Portland) in Maine, and at Groton 
and Haverhill in Massachusetts. In 1690 
the Massachusetts militia under Sir William 
Phips sailed up the St. Lawrence and laid 
siege to Quebec, while the Connecticut forces 
under Winthrop inarched against Montreal; 
but these generals were no match for Fronte- 
nac, and both expeditions ended disastrously. 
In the following year the French were defeated 
in a bloody battle by the New York militia 
and Mohawks under Peter Schuyler. But, on 
the whole, as long as Frontenac lived the Eng- 
lish had the worst of it. He died at Quebec 
in 1698, just after the Peace of Ryswick had 
for a moment put an end to hostilities. 

Peace was of very brief duration. In 1702 
began the War of the Spanish Succession, 
which was known in America as Queen Anne's 
War. For eleven years New York and New 
England were harassed by barbarous foes. 
There was an atrocious massacre at Deerfield 
in 1704, and another at Haverhill in 1708, and 




William Pepperell 
207 



Struggle between England and France 209 

at all times there was terror on the frontier. 
In this war the French were worsted, and at 
the Peace of Utrecht in 1713 Acadia was 
ceded to England. 

After twenty-eight years of peace between 
the two great rivals the War of the Austrian 
Succession broke out in 1741 and lasted till 
1748. In America this was known as King 
George's War. Its principal incident was the 
capture of the great stronghold of Louisburg 
on Cape Breton Island by four thousand New 
England troops under William Pepperell in 
1745. This fortress commanded the fisheries 
and the approaches to the St. Lawrence, and 
its capture saved New England from a con- 
templated French invasion. The gilded iron 
cross which stands over the entrance to 
Harvard College Library was taken from the 
market place of Louisburg on this occasion. 
At the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, 
greatly to the disgust of New England, Louis- 
burg was restored to the French in exchange 
for Madras, in Hindustan, which France had 
taken from England. 



210 Discovery and Colonization 

The southern colonies took little or no part 
in these earlier wars against the French. It 
was the Spaniards with whom they had to 
contend. The Spaniards laid claim to the 
Carol inas as part of Florida, and kept inciting 
the Indians to hostilities toward the settlers. 
During the first quarter of the eighteenth 
century the southern frontier witnessed many 
massacres of settlers by the Indians. The 
great multitude of negro slaves, too, in South 
Carolina, ever ripe for insurrection, made 
the neighborhood of the hostile Spaniards 
especially dangerous. In 1732 this wretched 
state of affairs attracted the attention of a 
gallant English soldier, James Oglethorpe, 
who conceived the plan of establishing a new 
colony which might serve as a military outpost 
against the Spaniards. The land between the 
Savannah River and the Spanish settlements in 
Florida was made over to a board of trustees, 
and named Georgia in honor of the reigning 
king. The government was in the proprietary 
form, the trustees standing in the place of the 
lord proprietary. Oglethorpe was appointed 



Struggle betiveen England and France 211 




James Oglethorpe 

governor, and he obtained his first company of 
colonists by setting free the insolvent debtors 
who crowded the prisons of England after the 
failure of the South Sea Bubble and other wild 
speculations. Germans and Scotchmen came 



212 Discovery and Colonization 

over in considerable numbers, and a few people 
from New England joined in the enterprise and 
founded the town of Sunbury. In 1739 Eng- 
land and Spain were at war, and Oglethorpe's 
military colony quite justified the foresight 
of its founder. In 1742 the Spaniards were 
defeated with great slaughter in the decisive 
battle of Frederica ; and in the following year 
Oglethorpe invaded Florida and might have 
conquered it if he had been properly sup- 
ported. After Oglethorpe's return to Eng- 
land the proprietary government became so 
unpopular that in 1752 Georgia was made a 
crown colony. Slavery, which had at first 
been prohibited, was then introduced, and the 
colony became in its . social characteristics 
similar to South Carolina, though it was long 
before it outgrew the illiterateness and bar- 
barism of a wild frontier community. At the 
time of the Revolution it was the smallest 
of the thirteen colonies, with a population of 
fifty thousand, of which one half were slaves. 
The work of establishing a French colony at 
the mouth of the Mississippi, interrupted by 



Struggle between England and France 213 




Le Moyne D' Iberville 

the untimely death of the heroic La Salle, was 
taken up again in 1G99 by Le Moyne D' Iber- 
ville. In the course of his operations Mobile 
was founded in 1702, and in 1718 a French 
company made the beginnings of the city 
of New Orleans. The boundary between the 
French and English colonies was now a very 



214 Discovery and Colonization 




h J.esjlcsmi •ftairttrnf li-sj/'mnycuis jont entniifurJam-fjaiilanV Urns thou tic lannce vu. le 
itiZt/rtfc/iit-itf i/cscmt.r du flnwe iftimuc /c r.i/nar.r^ /iuijiiiiic si iia.it/Jtaxait la,vUIe. itu ti> 
mil* IctM r/ jhic licrriihv mi Jt*.<ri> it autre* drcvittiiitriif.T .» 



uhui/Jivrtt. 

New Orleans in 1719 

long line running all the way from New 
Orleans to Montreal. It was a vague and 
undetermined line, nowhere fixed by treaty, 
but everywhere subject to the arbitrament of 
war. To guard their possessions the French 
erected a chain of some sixty fortresses along 
this line. The general position and direction 
of this chain are marked by the sites of the 
towns or cities of New Orleans, Natchez, Vin- 
cennes, Fort Wayne, Toledo, Detroit, Ogdens- 
burg, and Montreal. 

Thus at the moment when George Wash- 
ington entered upon his public career the 
contact between New France and the English 




George Washington 
215 



Struggle between England and France 217 

colonies had just been completed all along the 
line. France hoped to establish in the inte- 
rior of North America a Catholic and despotic 
empire after the pattern of the old regime 
in the mother country; and she had made up 
her mind that the sway of the English race in 
America must be confined to the narrow strip 
of territory between the Atlantic and the 
Alleghenies. All of the continent west of this 
mountain range was to become a new France, 
and no English colonist must be allowed to 
cross the barrier. The struggle between the 
two great rivals was thus extended over the 
whole country, so that Virginia began to play 
a foremost part in it. For the first time the 
English colonies, north and south, began to 
act in concert against a common foe ; and in 
overthrowing the enemy they first began to 
feel their own strength when united. Out of 
this great war immediately grew the disputed 
questions which formed the occasion of the 
American Revolution. The causes having 
been long at work, the development of the 
crisis was sudden and prodigious. Men old 



218 Discover)/ and Colonization 

enough to vote in town meeting at the time 
of Braddock's defeat were not yet fifty when 
Cornwallis surrendered his army at Yorktown. 
But in passing from 1755 to 1781 we enter a 
new world, and the man who did more than 
any other toward bringing about this wonder- 
ful change is George Washington, the modest, 
brave, far-sighted, iron-willed, high-minded 
general and statesman, whose fame is one of 
the most precious possessions of the human 
race. 



INDEX 



Acadia, 42 ; ceded to England, 
209 

Aix-la-Chapelle, peace of, 209 

Alexander, 166 

Alexander VI, Pope, decision 
of, 25 

Algonquin Indians, 46 ; war 
with Dutch, 108 

American Revolution, causes 
of, 217 

Andros, Sir Edmund, 181 

Argall, Samuel, 70 

Arkansas River, 202 

Arlington, Lord, 96 

Armada, 55, 59, 121 

Arnold, Benedict, his wind- 
mill, 10 

Austrian Succession, War of 
the, 209 

Bacon, Nathaniel, 97 
Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, 25 
Baltimore, Lord, 82, 92 
Behring, 30 
Berkeley, Sir William, 82, 88, 

93, 94, 97 
Bible, translated by Eliot, 167 



"Blue Laws," 153 
Boston, 130 

Bradford, William, 126 
Brewster, William, 126 
Brookfield, attack on, 171 
Brown, Robert, 125 
Brownists, 125 
Burgesses, House of, 77 

Cabot, John, 19 

Cabot, Sebastian, 19 

Calvert, Cecilius (Lord Balti- 
more), founds colony, 86 

Calvert, George (Lord Balti- 
more), visits Virginia, 82 ; 
obtains grant of Maryland, 
86 

Calvert Charter. See Charter 

Calvin, John, 121 

Cape Ann, 119 

Cape Breton, 42, 209 

Cape Cod, 117 

Carolina, 190 

Carteret, Sir George, 113 

Cartier, Jacques, 38 

Carver, John, 126 

Cavaliers in Virginia, 95 



219 



220 Discovery and Colonization 



Cavendish, Sir Thomas, 56 

Champlain, Samuel de, makes 
settlement at Quebec, 42 ; 
friendship with Algonquins, 
49 ; antagonizes Iroquois, 
50, 103 

Charles I, 80, 81, 91, 118, 128, 
154, 157 

Charles II, 95, 110, 157, 100, 
177, 181, 189 

Charles River, 119 

Charleston, 193 

Charlestown, 130 

Charter, Calvert's, 80 ; Cal- 
vert's, annulled, 92 ; Mas- 
sachusetts, 141 ; Massachu- 
setts, annulled, 178 ; new 
Massachusetts, 180 ; Con- 
necticut, 165, 185 ; Rhode 
Island, 165, 185 ; Pennsyl- 
vania, 196 

Christison, Wenlock, 159 

Church controversy, 162 

Clay borne, William, 88, 92 

Coinage, 161 

Coligny, plans Huguenot set- 
tlement, 38 

Columbus, 13 

Communism in Virginia, 69 

Congregational church, first, 
134 

Connecticut, 147, 162 

Cook, Captain, 30 

Cromwell, 92 

Culpepper, Lord, 96 

Cutty hunk, 117 



Dakota Indians, 45 
Dale, Sir Thomas, 09 
Dartmouth, massacre at, 171 
Davenport, John, 153, 162 
Deerfield, battle near, 171 ; 

massacre at, 206 
Delaware, Lord, 65, 6Q, 69 
Dermer, 120 

De Soto, Ferdinand, 201 
DTberville, Le Moyne, 213 
Dighton Rock, 10 
Dorchester, 130 
Drake, Sir Francis, 56 
Dudley, Joseph, 177 
Dudley, Thomas, 130 
Durham, massacre at, 206 
Dutch annexation of Swedish 

colony, 110 
Dutch colonization, 103 
Dutch colony surrenders to 

England, 113 
Dutch East India Company, 

105 
Dutch war with England, 

166 
Dutch West India Company, 

105 + 

Effingham, Lord Howard of, 

50 
Elcano, 30 
Eliot, John, 107 
Elizabeth Islands, 117 
Endicott, John, 130 
Ericson, Leif, 8 
Exeter, 146 



Index 



221 



Fisheries, Newfoundland, 37, 

42 
Five Nations, 46 
Florida, settlement begun, 38 ; 

invasion of, 212 
Fort Caroline, 38 
Fort Loyal, massacre at, 206 
Fort Orange, 106 
Francis I, 38 
Frederica, battle of, 212 
French forts, 214 
French settlement at Port 

Royal, 42 
Frobisher, Sir Martin, 56 
Frontenac, Count, 205, 200 
Fur trade, 42, 44 

Gama, Vasco da, 13 

Gates, Sir Thomas, 05 

George III, 186 

Georgia, 210 

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 56 

Gorges, Sir Ferdiuando, 118 

Gosnold, Bartholomew, 117 

Gourgues, Dominique de, 41 

Greenland, 8 

Groton, massacre at, 206 

Guilford, 153 

Gulf of Mexico, 202 

Haiti, 15 
Half Moon, 105 
Hampton, 146 
Hartford, 147, 148 
Harvard College, 138 
Harvey, Sir John, 81, 88 



Haverhill, massacre at, 206 
Hawkins, Sir John, 56 
Howard, Lord Effingham, 56 
Hudson, Henry, 105 
Hudson River, 105 
Huguenot settlement, 38 
Hutchinson, Anne, 145 
Hutchinson, Thomas, 147 

Iberville. See DTberville 

Iceland, 8, 15 

"Indentured servants,' ' 74 

Indians, first named, 19; tribes, 
45, 148 

Iroquois Indians, 46 ; alliance 
with English, 50 ; .attack 
Montreal, 51 ; friendship 
with Dutch, 108 ; blow to 
confederacy of, 205 

Isabella, Queen, 14 

James I, 79, 126 
James II, 181 
Jamestown, 61 
Jesuits, 44, 48, 202 
Joliet, 202 

Karlsefni, Thorfinn, 8 
Kennebec River, 118 
Kent Island, 88 
Kieft, William, 109 
King Philip's War, 168 

La Salle, Robert de, 201 
Laud, Archbishop, 141 
Laudonniere, Rene" de, 38 



222 



Discovery and Colonization 



Legislation of Massachusetts 

colony, 133 
Locke, John, 191 
Lollards, 121 

London Company, GO, 79, 126 
Lothrop, Captain, 171 
Louisburg, 209 
Louisiana, 202 



Mobile, 213 
Mobilian Indians, 45 
Mohawk Indians, 103 
Mohawk valley, 105 
Montreal, 38; attacked 

Iroquois, 51, 204 
Monts, Sieur de, 42 
Mount Desert, 43 



by 



Magellan, Ferdinand, 26 

Manhattan Island, 105 

Marquette and Joliet, 202 

Martha's Vineyard, 117 

Maryland, 86 

Mason, Captain, 151 

Massachusetts, settlement of, 
130 ; legislation, 133 ; char- 
ter in danger, 141 ; opposi- 
tion to England, 160, 186 ; 
charter annulled, 178 ; ter- 
ritorial expansion of, 186 ; 
new charter of, 186 

Massachusetts Bay Company, 
127 

Massasoit, treaty of, with the 
Pilgrims, 126, 148; death of, 
166 

Mayflower, 126 

Menendez, Pedro, 41 

Metacom. See Philip 

Middleborough, massacre at, 
171 

Milford, 153 

Mill, Old Stone, 10 

Milton, 130 

Mississippi River, 201 



Narragansett Indians, 167, 171 

Natchez Indians, 45 

Neponset River, 130 

Netherlands, independence of, 
103 

New Amsterdam, 105, 106, 
166 

Newark, 165 

New England, 117; named, 
118; united colonies of, 156 

Newfoundland, 85 

New Hampshire, 147, 185 

New Haven, 153, 162, 165 

New Jersey, 113, 165; Quaker 
settlement at, 194. 

New Netherland, 105, 113 

New Orleans, 213 

Newport, 147 

New York, 113 

Nichols, Colonel Richard, cap- 
tures New Amsterdam, 110, 
166 

Nipmuck Indians, 171, 175 

North Carolina, 191 

Northmen, 1 

Oglethorpe, James, 210 



Index 



223 



Pacific Ocean, 25, 29 

Palatinate of Maryland, 86 

Papal decree, 25, 33 

Parliament, Long, 154 

Patroons, 106 

Peace of Ryswick, 206 ; of 
Aix-la-Chapelle, 209; of 
Utrecht, 209 

Penn, William, 195 

Pennsylvania, 196 

Pepperell, William, 209 

Pequot War, 151 

Peters, Dr., 153 

Philadelphia, 197 

Philip's War, King, 107 

Phips, Sir William, 206 

Pilgrims, 125 

Pine-tree shillings, 161 

Plymouth, 126 

Plymouth Company, 60 

Pocahontas, 69 

Pontiac, 168 

Popham, Sir John, 118 

Popular government, begin- 
nings of, 70 

Port Royal, 42 

Poutrincourt, 42 

Pring, Martin, 117 

Protestantism, triumph of, 
55 

Providence, 144 

Puritans in Maryland, 87 ; in 
England, 91, 122 ; in Massa- 
chusetts, 128 

Quakers, 158, 160, 193 



Raleigh, Sir Walter, 56 
Randolph, Edward, 177 
Rhode Island, 144, 147 
Ribault, Jean, 38, 190 
Roanoke Island, 59 
Roberval, Sieur de, 38 
Robinson, John, 125 
Rolfe, John, 69, 73 
Roxbury, 130 
Ryswick, Peace of, 206 

Saco River, 120 

St. Augustine, 41 

St. Lawrence, 38 

Salem, 130 

Salmon Falls, massacre at, 206 

Sandys, Sir Edwin, 79 

San Salvador, 15 

Sassacus, 151, 168 

Saybrook, 148 

Schenectady, attack on, 205 

Schuyler, Peter, 206 

Scrooby, 125 

Sea Venture, 65 

Separatists, 125 

Six Nations, 46 

Slavery introduced, 70 ; v* nite 

slaves, 74 
Smith, Captain John, 62, 103, 

118 
Somers, Sir George, 65 
Southampton, Earl of, 79 
South Carolina, 191 
South Sea Bubble, 211 
Spain, supremacy over other 

nations, 33 ; overthrow of 



224 Discovery and Colonization 



supremacy, 55; lays claim 
to the Carolinas, 210 

Spanish Succession, War of 
the, 209 

Standish, Miles, 12(3 

Stuyvesant, Peter, 109 

Sunbury, 212 

Swansea, attack on, 171 

Swedish colony, 110 

Tarrateen Indians, 175 
Taunton, massacre at, 171 
Tobacco, 73 
Turner, Captain, 175 

Underhill, Captain, 151 
Utrecht, Peace of, 209 

Vane, Sir Henry, 146 

Verrazzano, 38 

Vespucci, Amerigo, 20 

Vikings, 7 

Vinland, 8 

Virginia, 59 ; growth of, 94 

Wamsutta. See Alexander 
War, Pequot, 151 ; King Phil- 



ip's, 168 ; of the Spanish Suc- 
cession, 206; Queen Anne's, 
206; of the Austrian Succes- 
sion, 209; King George's, 
209 

Washington, George, 218 

Watertown, 130 

Way mouth, George, 117 

West, discovery of the Great, 
201 

Wethersfield, 148 

William and Mary, 92, 185 

William the Conqueror, 6 

Williams, Roger, 142 

Windsor, 148 

Winslow, Governor Josiah, 
defeats Narragansetts, 172 

Winthrop, 206 

Winthrop, John, 130 

Winthrop, John (younger), 
148, 162 

Wisconsin River, 202 

Wyclif, 121 

Yeardley, George, 70 
York, Duke of, 113 
York, massacre at, 206 



I 7 61 4 





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